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Khan"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Bangladesh"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"feature"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"History"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"History of Wars"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Bangladesh: Bringing to memory of our fallen intellectual heroes"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eby Anwar A.Khan\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph {\"dropCap\":true} --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp class=\"has-drop-cap\"\u003ELouis D. Brandeis said, ”Those who sacrificed lives for our independence... valued liberty as an end and as a means. They believed liberty to be the secret of happiness and courage to be the secret of liberty.” Patriotism is an emotional attachment to a nation which an individual recognises as their homeland. This attachment, also known as national feeling or national pride, can be viewed in terms of different features relating to one's own nation, including ethnic, cultural, political or historical aspects. Intellectualism denotes the use, development, and exercise of the intellect; the practice of being an intellectual; and the Life of the Mind. And the fallen great patriotic intellectuals in 1971 are the real life of our minds. In the view of Socrates, intellectualism allows that “one will do what is right or best just as soon as one truly understands what is right \u003Cg class=\"gr_ gr_22 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace\" id=\"22\" data-gr-id=\"22\"\u003Eorbest\u003C\/g\u003E”; that virtue is a purely intellectual \u003Cg class=\"gr_ gr_230 gr-alert gr_gramm gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim Punctuation only-del replaceWithoutSep\" id=\"230\" data-gr-id=\"230\"\u003Ematter,\u003C\/g\u003E since virtue and knowledge are familial relatives, which a person accrues and improves with dedication to reason. Our fallen intellectuals could really fathom what was right or best \u003Cg class=\"gr_ gr_25 gr-alert gr_spell gr_inline_cards gr_run_anim ContextualSpelling ins-del multiReplace\" id=\"25\" data-gr-id=\"25\"\u003Eforour\u003C\/g\u003E people.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe\u003Cbr\/\u003Enever enter the time of remembrance without our mind being flooded with our\u003Cbr\/\u003Emartyred intellectuals. We cannot forget the heart-wrenching pain of their near\u003Cbr\/\u003Eand dear ones as they watched helplessly as the best sons of this soil were so\u003Cbr\/\u003Ebrutally murdered in the 2nd half of 1971 just before Bangladesh was liberated\u003Cbr\/\u003Efrom the cruel clutches of the Pakistani Military Junta and their local\u003Cbr\/\u003Ehenchmen, especially the Jamaat-e-Islami goons. They went through a war of\u003Cbr\/\u003Eunsurpassed sacrifices by laying down their lives to the cause of creating the\u003Cbr\/\u003Ecountry, Bangladesh. When we put all the sufferings and deaths of every war\u003Cbr\/\u003Etogether, these cannot touch the weight, suffering and sacrifice of their\u003Cbr\/\u003Esupreme sacrifices. Their battle deserves their own recognition “lest we\u003Cbr\/\u003Eforget” and the world forgets. They as it is unconscionable to consider\u003Cbr\/\u003Eforgetting the sacrifice and death of our great intellectuals and civilian\u003Cbr\/\u003Elives, it is even more so, a grave travesty and dishonour to their services and\u003Cbr\/\u003Esacrifices, to forget. Today, we are speaking of our great patriots; our great\u003Cbr\/\u003Eintellectuals.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETheyare the patriots in the truest sense of the word. Thomas Campbell said, “Thepatriot's blood is the seed of Freedom's tree.” The bloods of these honourablepatriots’ are still warm in our veins.Let every nation know, whether it wishesus well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet anyhardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and thesupreme sacrifices of these great sons of this sacred soil. Patriotism is akind of religion; it is the egg from which wars are hatched and won. Thisnation will remain the land of the free only so long as it is the home of thebraves like our great intellectuals who embraced their martyrdoms.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:quote {\"className\":\"is-style-large\"} --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cblockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-style-large\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGreat Bengali heroes have encountered barbaric murders; they will go down in the annals of history as men of immense integrity, intellectual capacity; unrelenting in their determination to follow their own destiny, and on behalf of the voiceless, but always gentlemen of stature.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/blockquote\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:quote --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGreat\u003Cbr\/\u003Epeople have great minds and great thoughts. Majority of the great people not\u003Cbr\/\u003Eonly achieved their goals but also they have left their precious words and\u003Cbr\/\u003Esayings behind for others to follow and to give them a path of success. If we\u003Cbr\/\u003Eread their teachings and words from the depth of our heart, we shall come to\u003Cbr\/\u003Eknow that they have given us formulas to live a successful and meaningful life.\u003Cbr\/\u003EOur fallen intellectuals are our constant inspirations.December 14 is ‘the\u003Cbr\/\u003EMartyred Intellectuals’ Day in our life. It is an important day for us in\u003Cbr\/\u003EBangladesh. It is a day to give thanks, to pay tribute and to remember those\u003Cbr\/\u003Ewho gave their lives during our glorious Liberation War in 1971 to protect our\u003Cbr\/\u003Ecountry. In reality, we should be thankful every single day of the year, but\u003Cbr\/\u003Ethe December 14 is the official day where we all come together to honour our\u003Cbr\/\u003Efallen patriotic intellectuals.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETheir\u003Cbr\/\u003Ejourney forced us to live in the present - we didn’t want to miss any part of\u003Cbr\/\u003Ethe beautiful landscape of this land going by out the window. They are on our\u003Cbr\/\u003Emind as we drive through this beautiful land of Bangladesh. We are thankful\u003Cbr\/\u003Ethat these noble souls gave us the strength and inspiration to take this long\u003Cbr\/\u003Enine months of hardships to liberate the country from cruel Pakistani Army and\u003Cbr\/\u003Etheir local brutal henchmen especially belonged to the fearsome criminal\u003Cbr\/\u003Eoutfit, Jamaat-e-Islami.We are honoured to remember the many brave men and\u003Cbr\/\u003Ewomen who have given their lives throughout the history of our great nation –\u003Cbr\/\u003Ethose who made the ultimate sacrifices to protect us from harm. We salute all\u003Cbr\/\u003Ethose now alive and we raise our prayers for their safety and blessing. \u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs\u003Cbr\/\u003Ewe remember those who have made the ultimate sacrifices for the freedoms we\u003Cbr\/\u003Eenjoy every day, we think of how they have followed in the footsteps of\u003Cbr\/\u003Epatriotism. Please hold our fallen heroes in the strong arms of the Almighty.\u003Cbr\/\u003ECover them with your sheltering grace and your presence as they stand in the\u003Cbr\/\u003Egap for our protection.\u0026nbsp; We also remember\u003Cbr\/\u003Ethe families of our patriots. We ask for your unique blessings to fill their\u003Cbr\/\u003Ehomes, and we pray your peace, provision, and strength will fill their\u003Cbr\/\u003Elives.\u0026nbsp; May the members of our patriotic\u003Cbr\/\u003Eintellectuals be supplied with courage to face each day and may they trust in\u003Cbr\/\u003Ethe Lord's mighty power to accomplish each task.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENoted\u003Cbr\/\u003Eeducationist Prof. Dr. Rebecca Haque said, “Mourn a cold, dark, bloody day in\u003Cbr\/\u003Edistant December. Dawn, dusk, dew, and nightfall.Silent death squads knocking\u003Cbr\/\u003Eat the door, targeting noble names on the assassin’s hit-list. Lament the loss.\u003Cbr\/\u003EWeep the tears. Cry for the slaughter of the illustrious sons of the delta.\u003Cbr\/\u003EWail at the memory of the dead desecrated in the ditch. Feel the agony of\u003Cbr\/\u003Egrief. Our teachers and our seers, taken from us to the sequestered pit.\u003Cbr\/\u003EFreedom on the horizon and the marching MuktiBahini carrying the flag of\u003Cbr\/\u003Eliberation could not save them from the savage ambush. On the fourteenth of\u003Cbr\/\u003EDecember, raise your arm to salute, to remember the martyred intellectuals. Murdered\u003Cbr\/\u003Ewith such diabolical, secret strategy to cripple the new nation. Dare to shout.\u003Cbr\/\u003EDare to accuse. Dare to punish the craven killers. Your Nation asks this of\u003Cbr\/\u003Ethee: do not flinch, seek justice.”The nation observes the Martyred\u003Cbr\/\u003EIntellectuals Day on December 14 as much with a deep sense of loss as with the\u003Cbr\/\u003Erekindling of the spirit that went into the making of Bangladesh.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe\u003Cbr\/\u003Edefeated cohorts of the Pakistani military knew very well that the most\u003Cbr\/\u003Eeffective way of crippling the nation that was about to be born was to\u003Cbr\/\u003Eliquidate its best sons. So, some brilliant teachers of Dhaka University– where\u003Cbr\/\u003Ealmost all the progressive movements in the history of the country had been\u003Cbr\/\u003Einitiated – were targeted.“The killers of the infamous Al-Badr belonged to\u003Cbr\/\u003EJamaat-e-Islami wanted to deprive the nation of the services of the\u003Cbr\/\u003Eintellectuals who represented the core values that the emerging nation stood\u003Cbr\/\u003Efor. True, the killers succeeded in physically eliminating the top\u003Cbr\/\u003Eintellectuals, but their ideas and beliefs still inspire the nation to remain\u003Cbr\/\u003Eon the right track. The martyrs of December 14 will ever shine brightly in our\u003Cbr\/\u003Ememories.”\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe\u003Cbr\/\u003Ekillers have clearly been defeated. The nation has rejected obscurantism and\u003Cbr\/\u003Ereligious extremism. It is a very positive development that those who\u003Cbr\/\u003Eperpetrated the crimes against humanity are now facing trial, at least some of\u003Cbr\/\u003Ethem. Justice delayed is not always justice denied! The nation is looking\u003Cbr\/\u003Eforward to the day when all the killers of the intellectuals will be tried and\u003Cbr\/\u003Epunished.It is a bit disquieting to watch some people questioning the rationale\u003Cbr\/\u003Ebehind this delayed trial of the war criminals. They must not forget that the\u003Cbr\/\u003Ecrimes committed in 1971 against the people of this country cannot be condoned.\u003Cbr\/\u003EWe cannot forget and forgive the criminals responsible for one of the worst\u003Cbr\/\u003Egenocides in recorded history.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe\u003Cbr\/\u003Eintellectuals were killed as part of an evil design which was finally foiled by\u003Cbr\/\u003Eour victory 48 hours later. The best way to pay homage to the martyrs is to\u003Cbr\/\u003Emake sincere efforts to translate their dreams into reality.They had a dream of\u003Cbr\/\u003Ea progressive and exploitation-free society where nobody would be discriminated\u003Cbr\/\u003Eagainst. Also they were the torch bearers of the spirit of Bengali nationalism\u003Cbr\/\u003Ethat set the entire nation on a warpath in 1971 to win our freedom. So, let us\u003Cbr\/\u003Elive up to their expectations in perpetuity. Let us not remember on a\u003Cbr\/\u003Eparticular day only the men and women whose keenness of intellect and the power\u003Cbr\/\u003Eof conviction gave them a very special place in society. The day of remembrance\u003Cbr\/\u003Eshould always be a part of our consciousness and existence.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOur goal is to never let people forget the sacrifices made for our\u003Cbr\/\u003Efreedom and to take care of the families of our fallen heroes now and in the\u003Cbr\/\u003Efuture.A full scale\u003Cbr\/\u003Especial tribute for the brave and gallant are to be performed by us on the\u003Cbr\/\u003EMourning Day for the fallen martyrs; because they marked the most decisive\u003Cbr\/\u003Ebattles of the entire nine months long journey of Independence War in 1971. In\u003Cbr\/\u003Ethat period, slowly broke down the Pakistani forces resistance and ultimately\u003Cbr\/\u003Einto a full surrender.\u0026nbsp; \u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThese\u003Cbr\/\u003Efallen soldiers, we honour on this day, made the ultimate sacrifice for the\u003Cbr\/\u003Egreater good of mankind. The ruthlessness of the Pakistani Military Junta was\u003Cbr\/\u003Eevident throughout the history. These patriots had to unselfishly sacrifice\u003Cbr\/\u003Etheir lives for the country’s peace and stability. They fought a good battle\u003Cbr\/\u003Eand their blood that flows from all the way to the whole Bangladesh territory,\u003Cbr\/\u003Enurtures our democracies and strengthens our nations in fighting oppression and\u003Cbr\/\u003Eforeign dominance.\u0026nbsp;History is such as the victory of Bangladesh side\u003Cbr\/\u003Enarrows the gap between our nations that may be geographically far apart but\u003Cbr\/\u003Ebrings us closer in pursuit of democracy, human dignity, peace and security.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd we shall gather on the morning of 14 December, 2015 not merely\u003Cbr\/\u003Eto lift up the memories of our fallen comrades, but to read the names inscribed\u003Cbr\/\u003Eon these walls and support one another in strength as well as in grief.These\u003Cbr\/\u003Ekind-hearted and patriotic intellectuals were truthful and meant what they said\u003Cbr\/\u003Efor the cause of our valiant people.For every fallen hero, a life; and a reminder of the grief of\u003Cbr\/\u003Eloved ones left behind. The day we received the message of their brutal murder we could\u003Cbr\/\u003Enot come to grips with it and even today we cannot digest it. It is a tragedy\u003Cbr\/\u003Efor the country and a tragedy to the human fraternity and they have left a big\u003Cbr\/\u003Evacuum.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETheir\u003Cbr\/\u003Edeath occasioned the sad loss of intellectual giants who radiated an unfailing\u003Cbr\/\u003Ecommitment and devotion to the struggle for freedom. They were known as\u003Cbr\/\u003Ethinkers who could easily speak in simple language and socialise with ordinary\u003Cbr\/\u003Epeople. They were true compatriots and pure-blooded democrats. They were an\u003Cbr\/\u003Eembodiment of what Bangladesh stands for. These were great intellectuals who\u003Cbr\/\u003Eharboured the noble qualities of dedication, sacrifice and discipline. They are\u003Cbr\/\u003Ethe persons who showed immense empathy to human suffering, and compassion for\u003Cbr\/\u003Ethe poor and oppressed. They personified humility, dignity and sophistication.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThroughout their lives they continued to inspire all of us with the certainty that wewould triumph in the end.  On 14December, 2017, we shall mourn the passing of our great sons. We salute ourcomrades and friends, and intellectual leaders in the struggle of our movementand fellow members of a generation that has given so much to the shaping of ourcountry.In the memory of our martyred intellectuals, veteran freedom fighterlate Syed Shahidul Haque Mama said, \"Our country has been blessed withsome quite outstanding persons. We give thanks to Allah for their quitesubstantial contribution to our struggle and to the transformation that hashappened and is happening in our country.”In all their work, they distinguishedthemselves as scholars, disciplined cadres, builders and teachers. They builtand sustained a tradition of excellent political journalism and theoreticalwriting.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGreat Bengali heroes have encountered barbaric murders; they will go down in theannals of history as men of immense integrity, intellectual capacity;unrelenting in their determination to follow their own destiny, and on behalfof the voiceless, but always gentlemen of stature.Their loss is a nationalloss. We are all indebted to them for leading us in a way that is most worthyof emulation. Their lives and times were a celebration of a life lived to thefullest.In the era of democracy, they were a constant reminder of the need tospeed up service delivery to improve the lives of our people.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThey\u003Cbr\/\u003Ewere like shining stars of strength and loving devotion that many of us will\u003Cbr\/\u003Econtinue to be guided by throughout our lives. Our love is deeper than the\u003Cbr\/\u003Esolar system and wider than eternity. Let us never forget that it is \"love\u003Cbr\/\u003Ethat shines brighter than the morning sun.” We can now remember this famous poem\u003Cbr\/\u003E:\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We honour\u003Cbr\/\u003Ethem by promising them our best\u003Cbr\/\u003EThat we will stand for that which is righteous and true\u003Cbr\/\u003EThe freedom of mankind and the red, the white, and the blue\u003Cbr\/\u003EA story to be told of that which is not yet\u003Cbr\/\u003EWe will begin by promising not to forget\u003Cbr\/\u003EThose who fell on the battlefield and those who came home\u003Cbr\/\u003EThose who gave all and that all gave some\u003Cbr\/\u003EMay God make us worthy of the story that’s been told\u003Cbr\/\u003EMay our story be that we have made their cause our own.”\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere\u003Cbr\/\u003Eis no better epitaph we can leave on the tombs of our martyred intellectuals\u003Cbr\/\u003Ethan the words of Armand Hammer, “A person first starts to live when he can\u003Cbr\/\u003Elive outside himself. Life is a gift, and if we agree to accept it, we must\u003Cbr\/\u003Econtribute in return. When we fail to contribute, we fail to adequately answer\u003Cbr\/\u003Ewhy we are here.”Noted Historian Prof. Dr. MuntasirMamun has said, ”Bangabandhu\u003Cbr\/\u003Ehad united the nation. Gen Zia had divided it. It is tough to unite a nation.\u003Cbr\/\u003EBut it is easy to divide. Zia did it. We hope the new generation will be able\u003Cbr\/\u003Eto be united once again. There will be no anti-liberation element in the\u003Cbr\/\u003Ecountry. The entire nation, imbued with the spirit of Liberation War, will\u003Cbr\/\u003Estand in unison.”He further has said, “Unfortunately the political forces in\u003Cbr\/\u003EBangladesh are now divided as anti-Liberation and pro-Liberation forces. There\u003Cbr\/\u003Eis no nation in the world where anti-Liberation forces exist. But in\u003Cbr\/\u003EBangladesh, it exists. There will be politics in Bangladesh. But there will be\u003Cbr\/\u003Eno anti-Liberation politics. Everybody will have to pro-Liberation. You will\u003Cbr\/\u003Efind no country in the world, where any political party upholds the spirit of\u003Cbr\/\u003Edefeated forces. They support crimes against humanity. You will not find it\u003Cbr\/\u003Eanywhere else. Khaleda Zia questions the genocide. You will not find any such\u003Cbr\/\u003Epolitician in other countries.”\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECiao.\u003Cbr\/\u003EBut before that, we wish to salute our martyred intellectuals on the 47\u003Csup\u003Eth\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003Eanniversary of their brutal slaughtering by the war criminals and their killing\u003Cbr\/\u003Eoutfits, Al-Badr and Al-Shams in connivance with the brutal Pakistani Military\u003Cbr\/\u003EJunta. We should vow not to stop our fighting till the last butcher is perished\u003Cbr\/\u003Efrom our sacred land. We must destroy their financial base and confiscate their\u003Cbr\/\u003Eproperties to compensate the same to the families of war victims. One hundred\u003Cbr\/\u003Eninety five war criminals of the Pakistani Army shall be tried in the\u003Cbr\/\u003EInternational Crimes’ Tribunal to award due punishment to these perpetrators to\u003Cbr\/\u003Elet the whole world know of what magnitude of crimes they committed to our\u003Cbr\/\u003Epeople during our glorious Liberation War in 1971.The martyred intellectuals\u003Cbr\/\u003Ewill thus live on through the love in our hearts.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003E-The\u003Cbr\/\u003EEnd –\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- wp:paragraph --\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe\u003Cbr\/\u003Ewriter is a senior citizen of Bangladesh, writes on\u003Cbr\/\u003Epolitics, political and human-centred figures, current and international\u003Cbr\/\u003Eaffairs.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C!-- \/wp:paragraph --\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/feeds\/6564585136819971785\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/comment.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\u0026postID=6564585136819971785\u0026isPopup=true","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2468613367801394261\/posts\/default\/6564585136819971785"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2468613367801394261\/posts\/default\/6564585136819971785"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/2018\/12\/bangladesh-bringing-to-memory-of-our.html","title":"Bangladesh: Bringing to memory of our fallen intellectual heroes"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468613367801394261.post-3434364852818166499"},"published":{"$t":"2018-11-13T17:41:00.000+05:30"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-12-09T14:27:38.776+05:30"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"feature"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"History"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"History of Wars"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Robert J. Burrowes"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"The War to End War 100 Years On: An Evaluation and Reorientation of our\nResistance to War"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Ch4\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #008080;\"\u003EEnding war is not impossible. Far from it, in fact. But it is going to take a phenomenal amount of intelligent strategic effort, courage and commitment.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h4\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003C\/blockquote\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Chr \/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eby Robert J. Burrowes\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E( November 13, 2018, Victoria, Sri Lanka Guardian)\u003C\/strong\u003E British author and social commentator H.G. Wells may have coined the expression that originally popularized World War I as \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/warthatwillendwa00welluoft\"\u003EThe War t\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/warthatwillendwa00welluoft\"\u003Ehat Will \u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/warthatwillendwa00welluoft\"\u003EEnd War\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/em\u003E, as his book, based on articles written during that vast military conflict, was titled. In any case, in one version or another, the expression was one of the most common catchphrases of the Great War of 1914-1918 and has survived as an expression, often used with a grimace of sarcasm, ever since.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EAs we commemorate the passing of the 100\u003Csup\u003Eth\u003C\/sup\u003E anniversary of the armistice ending ‘the war to end war’, one can only marvel at how wrong humans can be sometimes. Not content with the violence inflicted during World War I, humans used the twentieth century to systematically decimate human and other life as violence and war raged across the planet with an increasingly massive and sophisticated armory. In fact, by mid-century, in a tribute to their technological ingenuity and psychological dysfunctionality, humans had invented a weapon that could destroy life on Earth.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EAnd by the beginning of the 21\u003Csup\u003Est\u003C\/sup\u003E century, humans were living in the era of perpetual war against life – see \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2018\/oct\/30\/humanity-wiped-out-animals-since-1970-major-report-finds\"\u003E‘Humanity has wiped out 60% of animal populations since 1970, report finds’\u003C\/a\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.wwf.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2018-10\/wwfintl_livingplanet_full.pdf\"\u003E‘\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.wwf.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2018-10\/wwfintl_livingplanet_full.pdf\"\u003ELiving Planet Report 2018: Aiming Higher’\u003C\/a\u003E – with war also the largest contributor to the climate catastrophe: ‘Not only is the Pentagon the single largest industrial consumer of fossil fuels, but fighter jets, destroyers, tanks and other weapons systems emit highly toxic, carbon-intensive emissions, not to mention the greenhouse gases that are released from the detonation of bombs. How quickly the world forgot the toxic legacy of Saddam Hussein’s oil fires!’ See \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/truthout.org\/articles\/war-and-climate-change-time-to-connect-the-dots\/\"\u003E‘\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/truthout.org\/articles\/war-and-climate-change-time-to-connect-the-dots\/\"\u003EWar and Climate Change: Time to Connect the Dots’\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003ESo advanced is our war against life that human extinction is now imminent. See \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.slguardian.org\/human-extinction-by-2026-a-last-ditch-strategy-to-fight-for-human-survival\/\"\u003E‘Human Extinction by 2026? A Last Ditch Strategy to Fight for Human Survival’\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EResisting war historically\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EOf course, the failure to end war has not been the outcome of lack of effort. And while there have been many efforts focused on ending a particular war, efforts directed at ending a particular aspect of war (such as the use of a type of weapon), and efforts aimed at preventing a type of war (such as ‘aggressive war’ or nuclear war), there have also been ongoing efforts to achieve ‘the holy grail’: to end war itself.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EThese attempts have included ongoing grassroots mobilization by anti-war organizations spawned by World War I (such as the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom founded in 1915 and War Resisters’ International founded in 1921) and many equivalents since that time, official attempts to outlaw war such as the Kellogg-Briand Pact that outlawed war in 1928 but has been ignored ever since – see \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/doc\/Publication\/UNTS\/LON\/Volume%2094\/v94.pdf\"\u003ELeague of Nations ‘Treaty Series’ vol. XCIV, 1929\u003C\/a\u003E, p. 63 – and institutional efforts to prevent it, particularly by establishment of the League of Nations in 1920 and its successor the United Nations in 1945, both also readily ignored or manipulated.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003ESeparately from the above, however, there has been a long history of nonviolent activism to end wars and this has been conducted by individuals and groups all over the world. Undoubtedly the most effective anti-war movement in history was that undertaken in response to the US war against Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. Inspired and supported by the nonviolent resistance of the civilian population, and building on the long history of resistance to war within the military – see, for example, \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/soldiers-strikes-of-1919\/oclc\/935186758\"\u003EThe Soldiers’ Strikes of 1919\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/em\u003E – there was widespread nonviolent resistance undertaken by US troops and conscripts to end the US war against Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos from 1968 until it ended in 1975.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EIf you like, you can read detailed descriptions of the systematic and ongoing resistance (nonviolent and otherwise) within the US military, in many forms, which progressively incapacitated the US Army, Marine Corps, Navy and Air Force during the last years of the war, forcing the US out of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. See \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/185845.Soldiers_in_Revolt\"\u003ESoldiers in Revolt: GI Resistance During the Vietnam War\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/3042961-self-destruction\"\u003ESelf-Destruction: The Disintegration and Decay of the United States Army during the Vietnam Era\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/em\u003E with a summary of the first book in \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.vietnampeace.org\/blog\/antiwar-resistance-within-the-military-during-the-vietnam-war\"\u003E‘Antiwar Resistance Within the Military During the Vietnam War’\u003C\/a\u003E and a review of it in \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/socialistworker.org\/2005-2\/553\/553_06_SoldiersRevolt.php\"\u003E‘The soldiers’ revolt in Vietnam: Rebellion in the ranks’\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EFor a documentary account of the conscientious objection by more than half a million US conscripts to military service in South East Asia during this period, which overwhelmed the legal system making prosecutions beyond a token few impossible and, combined with soldier resistance and civilian efforts, forced Presidents Johnson and Nixon to curtail plans to escalate the war and make plans to end it, see the forthcoming film \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.boyswhosaidno.com\/\"\u003EThe Boys Who Said N\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.boyswhosaidno.com\/\"\u003EO\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.boyswhosaidno.com\/\"\u003E!\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/em\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReanalysing the Cause of War to Reorient our Resistance\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003ESo, if we are to use this 100\u003Csup\u003Eth\u003C\/sup\u003E anniversary to renew our struggle to end war and to work effectively to achieve that purpose, then clearly we need to reassess our analysis of the cause(s) of war so that we understand the problem more precisely, and then use this revised analysis to guide the development and implementation of a strategy that addresses the cause(s). Of course, I am not suggesting that ending war will be easy, even with a sound analysis and a comprehensive strategy. But at least it will be feasible.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EBefore proceeding, I would like to record my own passion for this subject. I lost two great uncles to World War I: Tom Farrell was killed in action at Gallipoli and Les Burrowes was a victim of ‘shell shock’ – later labeled post-traumatic stress disorder – after being wounded in action three times at Gallipoli and then dying prematurely some years after the war.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EMy \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/thelastcoastwatcher.wordpress.com\/coastwatching\/how-coastwatchers-turned-tide\/\"\u003Efather served in World War II as a \u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/thelastcoastwatcher.wordpress.com\/coastwatching\/how-coastwatchers-turned-tide\/\"\u003Ecoastwatcher\u003C\/a\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/thelastcoastwatcher.wordpress.com\/my-brothers\/\"\u003Eboth of his brothers, including his twin, were killed\u003C\/a\u003E. I am named after my father’s older brother. Bob died when the Japanese POW ship \u003Cem\u003EMontevideo Maru\u003C\/em\u003E was torpedoed by the \u003Cem\u003EUSS Sturgeon\u003C\/em\u003E on 1 July 1942. 1,053 Australian POWs died that night. And my father’s twin, Tom, died when his Beaufort Bomber was shot down on 14 December 1943 killing the entire crew.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003ESo my childhood is dotted with memories of occasional commemorations of war which, for me, always ended with the same question: Why? But not just ‘why war?’ Given other manifestations of violence I observed around the world during my childhood, including exploitation of peoples in Africa, Asia and Central\/South America as well as destruction of the environment, the deeper question was always my focus: ‘Why violence?’\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EWell, despite considerable research over three decades, I was never content with any version of the answer to this question that I found. Consequently, 14 years in seclusion with Anita McKone ‘taking our own minds apart’ finally gave me the answer I wanted. In ugly detail. If you would like to read this answer, which explains the unrelenting ‘visible’, ‘invisible’ and ‘utterly invisible’ violence that adults inflict on children and the enormous lifetime damage (including the legacy of unconscious fear, self hatred and powerlessness) that this causes, you can do so in \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/whyviolence\"\u003E‘\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/whyviolence\"\u003EWhy Violence?’\u003C\/a\u003E with our process described in \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/anitamckone.wordpress.com\/articles-2\/fearless-and-fearful-psychology\/\"\u003E‘\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/anitamckone.wordpress.com\/articles-2\/fearless-and-fearful-psychology\/\"\u003EFearless Psychology and Fearful Psychology: Principles and Practice\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/anitamckone.wordpress.com\/articles-2\/fearless-and-fearful-psychology\/\"\u003E’\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003ENeedless to say, understanding a problem makes developing a strategy to address it far easier (which does not mean that the problem is easy to resolve). However, it is also the case that violence has many manifestations – notably including war, violence against huge sectors of the human population in various contexts (ranging from violence against women and indigenous peoples to military occupations and dictatorships), economic exploitation and destruction of the biosphere – and tackling each of these effectively requires its own sophisticated nonviolent strategy.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EThis is partly because certain manifestations of violence are \u003Cem\u003Estructural\u003C\/em\u003E – see \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www2.kobe-u.ac.jp\/~alexroni\/IPD%202015%20readings\/IPD%202015_7\/Galtung_Violence,%20Peace,%20and%20Peace%20Research.pdf\"\u003E‘Violence, Peace, and Peace Research’\u003C\/a\u003E – or \u003Cem\u003Ecultural\u003C\/em\u003E – see \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.galtung-institut.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/Cultural-Violence-Galtung.pdf\"\u003E‘Cultural Violence’\u003C\/a\u003E – as Professor Johan Galtung describes these terms, and they originated long ago and have been recreated and ‘built-in’ over successive centuries.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EHowever, it is important to understand that the nature of any given structure or cultural symbol\/process reflects the psychology of those who create and\/or maintain it. That is, it is dysfunctionalized human beings who create and maintain dysfunctional (that is, violent and\/or exploitative) structures and cultures.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003ESo, for example, while the origin of capitalism can be explained in terms of the development of economic structures and processes that took place over preceding centuries (in a particular socio-political-legal setting), fundamentally the exploitative nature of capitalism is a direct outcome of the badly damaged psychology of those men who progressively created it and now those men (and some women) who maintain it, expand it and primarily benefit from the manner in which it exploits most others.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EAnd if those men and women were not psychologically damaged by the violence they suffered during childhood, then they would devote their efforts to creating egalitarian economic structures and processes that benefited everyone equally and nurtured the biosphere. In short, a human being who is psychologically whole regards the idea of killing or exploiting a fellow human being as deplorable. This is not a moral stance. It is a psychological outcome for the child who is parented lovingly: such parenting produces compassionate identification with others (and, in fact, everything that lives and the biosphere as a whole).\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EThe same reasoning applies to the institution of war particularly as it has evolved and is now conducted by western nations, led by the US, and their allies such as Israel. War is a method of conducting conflict. It has a great many components including elites who promote war-for-profit by using various channels such as ‘think tanks’, the corporate media, government propaganda and education systems to call for and ‘justify’ it, political processes to order it, legal processes to defend it (including against those who take nonviolent action against it), military command, control and communication structures to plan and implement it, corporations employing a labor force to manufacture weapons and other hardware to be used in it, military personnel to deploy and fire the weapons, and citizens willing to pay taxes (or too scared to resist doing so) to finance it.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBut at every level of the institution of war, and despite vast advances in peace, conflict and nonviolence theory and practice during the past 60 years, it requires individuals who were terrorized during their childhood into believing that killing fellow human beings is an appropriate way to deal with conflict (or, a variation, that killing human beings is a reasonable way to earn a wage or make a profit).\u003C\/em\u003E And because they are so psychologically damaged and now deeply embedded within the institution of war, consideration of alternatives to violence is only tokenistically contemplated, if at all (with occasional exceptions by those whose conscience survived the childhood violence they suffered). If you like, you can read a little more about how childhood violence creates insane individuals who perpetuate violence and war in articles such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/feelingsfirstblog.wordpress.com\/key-articles\/global-elite-is-insane-revisited\/\"\u003E‘The Global Elite is Insane Revisited’\u003C\/a\u003E but there is plenty more on that website.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIn essence, if most human beings were not so psychologically damaged by the violence inflicted on them during childhood (leaving them unconsciously terrified, self-hating and powerless), there would be a mass uprising against the barbarity of war: the large-scale industrial slaughter of people like you.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESo what are we to do?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EWell, if we consider war as an outcome \u003Cem\u003Enot\u003C\/em\u003E of political and economic differences manifesting as military violence but, fundamentally, as an outcome of psychological dysfunctionality preventing intelligent resolution of conflict, then our strategy for ending war can acquire a sophistication it must otherwise lack. Put simply, by understanding the psychological roots of violence we can develop and implement a strategy that intelligently addresses these, both in the short and medium terms.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003ESo how do we tackle, strategically, the interrelated set of problems that constitute the institution of war?\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EIf your primary interest is focusing on war itself, check out the \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/nonviolentstrategy.wordpress.com\/strategywheel\/\"\u003ENonviolent Strategy Wheel\u003C\/a\u003E which simply illustrates the 12-point strategic framework necessary to conduct an effective nonviolent campaign and then consider \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/nonviolentstrategy.wordpress.com\/strategywheel\/strategic-aims\/\"\u003Ethe basic\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/nonviolentstrategy.wordpress.com\/strategywheel\/strategic-aims\/\"\u003E list of \u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/nonviolentstrategy.wordpress.com\/strategywheel\/strategic-aims\/\"\u003E35 \u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/nonviolentstrategy.wordpress.com\/strategywheel\/strategic-aims\/\"\u003Estrategic goals \u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/nonviolentstrategy.wordpress.com\/strategywheel\/strategic-aims\/\"\u003Enecessary to end war\u003C\/a\u003E. Choose one or a few goals appropriate to your circumstances and conduct a strategically-oriented nonviolent campaign, as explained on the same website, to achieve those goals.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EIf you are concerned that you need some form of military defense against those who might attack your country, it is actually strategically superior to use a strategy of nonviolent defense, which is explained in detail in \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.sunypress.edu\/p-2176-the-strategy-of-nonviolent-defe.aspx\"\u003EThe Strategy of Nonviolent Defense: A Gandhian Approach\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/em\u003E and presented more simply in \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/nonviolentliberationstrategy.wordpress.com\/\"\u003ENonviolent Defense\/Liberation Strategy\u003C\/a\u003E. In fact, this strategic framework can be used to plan and implement a nonviolent strategy to defend against a foreign invading power or a political\/military coup, to liberate your country from a dictatorship or a foreign occupation, or to defeat a genocidal assault.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EAs an aside, if your preferred focus is the climate catastrophe, some other assault on the biosphere or a social justice campaign of any kind, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/nonviolentstrategy.wordpress.com\/\"\u003ENonviolent Strategy\u003C\/a\u003E website will assist you to develop a comprehensive and focused strategy.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EWhen conducting any campaign, keep in mind a clear understanding of \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/nonviolentstrategy.wordpress.com\/articles\/nonviolent-action-works\/\"\u003E‘Nonviolent Action: Why and How it Works’\u003C\/a\u003E and remember the distinction between \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/nonviolentstrategy.wordpress.com\/articles\/political-objective-strategic-goal\/\"\u003E‘\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/nonviolentstrategy.wordpress.com\/articles\/political-objective-strategic-goal\/\"\u003EThe Political Objective and Strategic Goal of Nonviolent Actions’\u003C\/a\u003E. By keeping these points in mind, your campaign (including each of your tactics) will be focused for strategic impact.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EIf your interest in ending war is more focused on undermining it at its source, consider making \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/feelingsfirstblog.wordpress.com\/my-promise-to-children\/\"\u003E‘My Promise to Children’\u003C\/a\u003E and nisteling, whenever appropriate, to children too. See \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/feelingsfirstblog.wordpress.com\/nisteling\/\"\u003E‘Nisteling: The Art of Deep Listening’\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EThis will mean that any children in your life are supported, at least by you, to become self-loving and powerful individuals who are immune to the seductions and indoctrination of those who advocate and make war while developing the capacity to pursue life-enhancing behavioral options when dealing with conflict.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EIf parenting children in this manner feels beyond you, consider allowing yourself the time to heal from the violence that you have suffered throughout your life. See \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/feelingsfirstblog.wordpress.com\/putting-feelings-first\/\"\u003E‘\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/feelingsfirstblog.wordpress.com\/putting-feelings-first\/\"\u003EPutting \u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/feelingsfirstblog.wordpress.com\/putting-feelings-first\/\"\u003EFeelings First’\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EAnd don’t forget: while depending on our psychological dysfunctionality to accept, finance and conduct war as a means of dealing with conflict, at its most mundane level, war is a conflict over resources, particularly fossil fuels, strategic minerals and fresh water, and it is our consumption of these, in all of those products (such as meat and cars) and services (like airline flights) that we buy, that fuels the wars conducted in our name while also destroying the biosphere in various other ways. (If you want to understand the psychological origin of this obsession with material goods, see \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/feelingsfirstblog.wordpress.com\/key-articles\/love-denied\/\"\u003E‘Love Denied: The Psychology of Materialism, Violence and War’\u003C\/a\u003E.) \u003Cem\u003EIn short, there is no point deluding ourselves that we can subvert this violent world order without substantially reducing our consumption on all fronts.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003ESo another way you can have strategic impact in undermining the institution of war (and capitalism), while slowing destruction of the biosphere, is to join those participating in \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/flametree\"\u003E‘The Flame Tree Project to Save Life on Earth’\u003C\/a\u003E. The Flame Tree Project outlines a simple plan for people to progressively reduce their consumption, by at least 80%, involving both energy and resources of every kind – water, household energy, transport fuels, metals, meat, paper and plastic – while dramatically expanding their individual and community self-reliance in 16 areas.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EYou might also be interested in signing the online pledge of \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/thepeoplesnonviolencecharter.wordpress.com\/\"\u003E‘The People’s Charter to Create a Nonviolent World’\u003C\/a\u003E where the names of many people who are working to end war (and other violence) are already listed.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EEnding war is not impossible. Far from it, in fact. But it is going to take a phenomenal amount of intelligent strategic effort, courage and commitment.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Chr \/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBiodata: Robert J. Burrowes has a lifetime commitment to understanding and ending human violence. He has done extensive research since 1966 in an effort to understand why human beings are violent and has been a nonviolent activist since 1981. He is the author of \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/whyviolence\"\u003E‘\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/whyviolence\"\u003EWhy Violence?\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/whyviolence\"\u003E’\u003C\/a\u003E His email address is \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/fulvetta.riseup.net\/sm\/src\/compose.php?send_to=flametree@riseup.net\"\u003Eflametree@riseup.net\u003C\/a\u003E and his website is \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/robertjburrowes.wordpress.com\/\"\u003Ehere\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003C\/em\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/feeds\/3434364852818166499\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/comment.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\u0026postID=3434364852818166499\u0026isPopup=true","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2468613367801394261\/posts\/default\/3434364852818166499"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2468613367801394261\/posts\/default\/3434364852818166499"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/2018\/11\/the-war-to-end-war-100-years-on.html","title":"The War to End War 100 Years On: An Evaluation and Reorientation of our\nResistance to War"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468613367801394261.post-8185665325360597830"},"published":{"$t":"2018-11-11T04:16:00.000+05:30"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-12-09T14:27:36.600+05:30"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"columnists"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Eric S. Margolis"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"feature"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"History"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"History of Wars"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"We are heading for another tragedy like World War I"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #008080;\"\u003EAs a former soldier and war correspondent, I’ve always considered WWI as the stupidest, most tragic and catastrophic of all modern wars\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Chr \/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eby Eric S. Margolis\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E( November 10, 2018, Toronto, Sri Lanka Guardian)\u003C\/strong\u003E We are now before the 100th anniversary of World War I, the war that was supposed to end all wars. While honoring the 16 million who died in this conflict, we should also condemn the memory of the politicians, officials and incompetent generals who created this horrendous blood bath.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EI’ve walked most of the Western Front of the Great War, visited its battlefields and haunted forts, and seen the seas of crosses marking its innumerable cemeteries.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EAs a former soldier and war correspondent, I’ve always considered WWI as the stupidest, most tragic and catastrophic of all modern wars.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EThe continuation of this conflict, World War II, killed more people and brought more destruction on civilians in firebombed cities but, at least for me, World War I holds a special horror and poignancy. This war was not only an endless nightmare for the soldiers in their pestilential trenches, it also violently ended the previous 100 years of glorious European civilization, one of mankind’s most noble achievements.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EI’ve explored the killing fields of Verdun many times and feel a visceral connection to this ghastly place where up to 1,000,000 soldiers died. I have even spent the night there, listening to the sirens that wailed without relent, and watching searchlights that pierced the night, looking for the ghosts of the French and German soldiers who died here.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EVerdun’s soil was so poisoned by explosives and lethal gas that to this day it produces only withered, stunted scrub and sick trees. Beneath the surface lie the shattered remains of men and a deadly harvest of unexploded shells that still kill scores of intruders each year. The spooky Ossuaire Chapel contains the bone fragments of 130,000 men, blown to bits by the millions of high explosive shells that deluged Verdun.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EThe town of the same name is utterly bleak, melancholy and cursed. Young French and German officers are brought here to see firsthand the horrors of war and the crime of stupid generalship.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EAmid all the usual patriotic cant from politicians, imperialists and churchmen about the glories of this slaughter, remember that World War I was a contrived conflict that was totally avoidable. Contrary to the war propaganda that still clouds and corrupts our historical view, World War I was not started by Imperial Germany.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EProfessor Christopher Clark in his brilliant book, `The Sleepwalkers’ shows how officials and politicians in Britain and France conspired to transform Serbia’s murder of Austro-Hungary’s Crown Prince into a continent-wide conflict. France burned for revenge for its defeat in the 1870 Franco-Prussian War and loss of Alsace-Lorraine. Britain feared German commercial and naval competition. At the time, the British Empire controlled one quarter of the world’s surface. Italy longed to conquer Austria-Hungary’s South Tyrol. Turkey feared Russia’s desire for the Straits. Austria-Hungary feared Russian expansion.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EProf Clark clearly shows how the French and British maneuvered poorly-led Germany into the war. The Germans were petrified of being crushed between two hostile powers, France and Russia. The longer the Germans waited, the more the military odds turned against them. Tragically, Germany was then Europe’s leader in social justice.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EBritain kept stirring the pot, determined to defeat commercial and colonial rival, Germany. The rush to war became a gigantic clockwork that no one could stop. All sides believed a war would be short and decisive. Crowds of fools chanted ‘On to Berlin’ or ‘On to Paris.’\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EFew at the time understood the impending horrors of modern war or the geopolitical demons one would release. The 1904 Russo-Japanese War offered a sharp foretaste of the 1914 conflict, but Europe’s grandees paid scant attention.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EEven fewer grasped how the collapse of the antiquated Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires would send Europe and the Mideast into dangerous turmoil that persists to our day. Or how a little-known revolutionary named Lenin would shatter Imperial Russia and turn it into the world’s most murderous state.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EThis demented war in Europe turned into an even greater historic tragedy in 1917 when US President Woodrow Wilson, driven by a lust for power and prestige, entered the totally stalemated war on the Western Front. One million US troops and starvation caused by a crushing British naval blockade turned the tide of battle and led to Germany’s surrender.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003EVengeful France and Britain imposed intolerable punishment on Germany, forcing it to accept full guilt for the war, an untruth that persists to this day. The result was Adolf Hitler and his National Socialists. If an honourable peace had been concluded in 1917, neither Hitler nor Stalin might have seized power and millions of lives would have been saved. This is the true tragedy of the Great War.\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cbr\/\u003ELet us recall the words of the wise Benjamin Franklin: `No good war, no bad peace.’\u003Cbr\/\u003E\u003Cp style=\"text-align: right;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #808080;\"\u003ECopyright Eric S. Margolis 2018\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/feeds\/8185665325360597830\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/comment.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\u0026postID=8185665325360597830\u0026isPopup=true","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2468613367801394261\/posts\/default\/8185665325360597830"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2468613367801394261\/posts\/default\/8185665325360597830"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/2018\/11\/we-are-heading-for-another-tragedy-like.html","title":"We are heading for another tragedy like World War I"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468613367801394261.post-3275364145781338094"},"published":{"$t":"2014-03-24T07:52:00.000+05:30"},"updated":{"$t":"2014-03-24T07:52:14.510+05:30"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"History of Wars"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"PaulCraigRoberts"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"USA"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"worldview"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Three Who Made A War"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: red;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: red;\"\u003E|\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E by Paul Craig Roberts\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E( March 24, 2014, Washington DC, Sri Lanka Guardian) \u003C\/b\u003EThe Spanish-American War was caused by three people: Teddy Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge, and William Randolph Hearst. The war, which killed a number of Spaniards and Americans, including some prominent Harvard “Swells,” was based entirely on lies and machinations of these three men and served no purpose other than their personal needs. Princeton University historian Evan Thomas calls these three monsters The War Lovers.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/srilankaguardian.org\/\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-yxpTgkhRq8w\/Uy-Wm18rGQI\/AAAAAAAAYJc\/bNZUFK7zKmI\/s1600\/WAR_FILE.jpg\" height=\"372\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nHearst needed a war to build his newspaper circulation. Roosevelt needed a war to sate his blood-lust and desire for military glory. Lodge needed a war to reinvigorate American manhood and to enlist American manhood in his “Large Policy” of American Empire. Between them, thanks to the ignorance and stupidity of the American people, they pulled it off.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nTheir adversary was Speaker of the House, Thomas Brackett Reed, “the Czar,” the most powerful politician in Washington. Reed, an honest and incorruptible politician, saw Lodge’s policy of “American exceptionalism” as naked imperialism that stood in total opposition and in great danger to American purposes. Reed saw Roosevelt’s war lust as a diversion of national purpose from the reconstruction of an economy that increasingly served a shrinking minority at the expense of the American people. But Hearst, Roosevelt, and Lodge made “peace” an epithet. The American people, whose gullibility is never-ending, were captivated by war-lust. Reed lost confidence in the American people whom he so well served. Reed could find no moral purpose in pushing the country toward war over nothing but fake news reports by “yellow journalism.”\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nOnly a few years previously, Reed had had to halt the Cleveland administration from going to war with Great Britain over a British boundary dispute with Venezuela concerning mineral-rich land claimed by British Guyana. Somehow this boundary dispute, which had no more to do with US security than Honduras, Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Syria, Pakistan, Somalia, Yemen, Georgia, Ukraine, and the South China Sea have today, was seen as a “threat to US national security.”\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-4LrpDfnoLPs\/Uy-WcF-YRuI\/AAAAAAAAYJU\/xxzZIvAf-JU\/s1600\/WAR_LOVER.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-4LrpDfnoLPs\/Uy-WcF-YRuI\/AAAAAAAAYJU\/xxzZIvAf-JU\/s1600\/WAR_LOVER.jpg\" height=\"200\" width=\"128\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nRoosevelt and Lodge were ecstatic over the possibility of War with Great Britain. War was its own goal. Roosevelt wrote to Lodge: “I don’t care whether our sea coast cities are bombarded or not; we would take Canada.” Fortunately, or perhaps unfortunately, hard facts prevailed over American war lust. The American navy had 3 battleships. The British had 50. If only Washington had gone to war with Great Britain over a British boundary dispute with Venezuela. The total destruction of the American navy and coastal cities might have taught Americans a lesson and made the population less lustful for war and more suspicious of Washington’s war lies: the Gulf of Tonkin, Saddam Hussein’s weapons of mass destruction, Iranian nukes, Assad’s use of chemical weapons, Russian invasion of Crimea, etc.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nRoosevelt and Lodge searched for a weaker adversary than the British navy and settled on Spain.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nBut how to bring about a war with a declining and tired 400-year old empire far removed from American interests?\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nHearst, desperate to sell newspapers, knew what to do. He hired the artist, Frederic Remington, a painter and sculptor much worshipped by American conservatives today. Remington provided a drawing, filling half of the front page of Hearst’s New York Journal, of a comely nude young woman surrounded by sinister Spaniards. Hearst alleged that three lady passengers on the US mail steamer Olivette were strip-searched in the Harbor of Havana, Cuba, by leering Spanish males.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nAmerica had a rare moment of rational thought and philosophical reflection during the brief period of its Founding Fathers. Ever since America has been a country of pulp romances and court histories written as “chivalric derring-do.” Hearst asked where were the knightly American males who would rescue womankind from these indignities at the hands of cruel, wanton, Spaniards.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nHearst repeated the story with Evangelina Cisneros, “a beautiful young woman from the gentlest of families.” In Hearst’s story Evangelina went to the Island of Pines to beg for her elderly father’s release from the cruel Spaniards. As she resisted the sexual advances of the leering Spanish prison commander, she was thrown into a squalid prison for prostitutes.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nHaving created his heroine, Hearst rushed to rescue her. Hearst hired the son of a Confederate cavalry colonel, Karl Decker, to rescue the fair lady. Thousands of words were printed to describe Decker’s daring rescue, but what really happened is that Hearst bribed the Spanish guards to let her go from her comfortable hotel room. Having freed “one Cuban girl,” Hearst wanted to know “when shall we free Cuba.”\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nTeddy Roosevelt wanted to be the star of the event. Senator Lodge and the American newsman Richard Harding Davis made it so. Teddy charging up the hill, leading the Rough Riders, not urging from behind, defeated the Spanish all by himself and won the war.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nWhat did it mean for the Cubans, a mixed and varied peoples, who had been fighting the Spanish for independence for years before self-righteous, self-serving Americans saw the opportunity to advance their interests and careers?\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nFor Cubans, it meant swapping one master for another.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nGeneral William Shafter, the American in charge of the invasion force, declared: “Why these people [Cubans] are no more fit for self-government than gunpowder is for hell!” Calixto Garcia, who had been fighting for thirty years for Cuba’s liberation from Spain, was not allowed to be present when Spain surrendered Cuba. It was purely an American show devoid of the revolutionaries in whose name the war had been fought.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nRoosevelt wrote home that the Cubans had fought badly and were not responsible for their liberation from Spain. It was Teddy and his Rough Riders who brought freedom to Cuba. The Teller Amendment passed by Congress in 1898 guaranteeing independence to Cuba was superseded by the Platt Amendment of 1901. The Platt Amendment gave Washington the right to intervene in Cuba whenever Washington pleased.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nIt finally dawned on Cubans that “civilization,” a word used by Americans, meant “denying the darker races the power to govern.” In 1908 Cubans who had fought against Spain formed an independent political party. They were massacred by the thousands by the Cuban government now more sensitive to pleasing Washington than to the voice of its own people.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nThe story of American intervention is the same everywhere. American intervention has never benefited any peoples except those allied with Washington and American corporations.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nHearst’s rival in yellow journalism was Joseph Pulitzer, whose name ended up on a prestigious journalism award. Today the entire US print and TV media engage in the yellow journalism of the Hearst\/Pulitzer era. Yellow journalism has helped to keep America in wars as nonsensical as the Spanish-American war ever since the 21st century began. The neoconservatives have resurrected Lodge’s “Large Policy” of American imperialism justified by the doctrine of American exceptionalism.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nIf Americans were to read three history books, they could free themselves from their self-righteous delusions that endanger all life on earth. Those books are: A People’s History of The United States by Howard Zinn, The Untold History of the United States by Oliver Stone and Peter Kuznick, and The War Lovers by Evan Thomas.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nNo one who reads one of these books will ever again believe that the US government in Washington is the “light unto the world,” the “exceptional and indispensable” government that brings “freedom and democracy” to the conquered provinces of the American Empire.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\nWashington is the home of warmongering self-interested parties that have no concept of compassion or justice and serve only their own power and enrichment. Americans are as indifferent to the populations that their government bombs as Teddy Roosevelt was to the prospect of his own country’s coastal cities being bombarded. As Russia’s President Putin reminded the world on March 18, 2014, the US prefers the rule of the gun to international law.\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cscript async=\"\" src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E \u003C!-- Art --\u003E \u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cins class=\"adsbygoogle\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0219040124010769\" data-ad-slot=\"5270704672\" style=\"display: inline-block; height: 90px; width: 728px;\"\u003E\u003C\/ins\u003E\u003Cscript\u003E\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n\u003C\/script\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2468613367801394261\/posts\/default\/3275364145781338094"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2468613367801394261\/posts\/default\/3275364145781338094"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/2014\/03\/three-who-made-war.html","title":"Three Who Made A War"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-yxpTgkhRq8w\/Uy-Wm18rGQI\/AAAAAAAAYJc\/bNZUFK7zKmI\/s72-c\/WAR_FILE.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468613367801394261.post-3371065933676833160"},"published":{"$t":"2012-05-29T09:02:00.001+05:30"},"updated":{"$t":"2012-05-29T09:02:53.494+05:30"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"DavidBlacker"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Defence"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"feature"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"History of Wars"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"LTTE"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Politics"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Parama Weera: What it takes, and what it means"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: red; color: red;\"\u003E|\u003C\/span\u003E by David Blacker\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E( May 29, 2012, Colombo, Sri Lanka Guardian)\u003C\/b\u003E The eyes stared expressionlessly back at me from the fifteen small pictures, some clear, and some blurred; reflections that only hinted at the men behind those eyes. But sharp or soft, they all looked so innocuous, so devoid of any indication of what they had once seen. So normal. To look into those fifteen pairs of eyes, to read their names on the Wall that held thousands of similar names, was to gain no hint of the impossible acts of bravery that their owners had committed. Acts that would now see them join the eight who had gone before. Twenty-three names for twenty-three men. Twenty-three individual acts of supreme courage, selected out of twenty-eight years of war. The faces were tucked away in the second page of the Sunday Times, and I stared back at them for awhile before reading the short paragraph beneath each. The words were trite, cliched, dry; unable to capture the struggle of courage over fear that must have dominated each man’s last moments; the pain, the heat. And of course, that ultimate singularity, as they stepped forward and died. Alone. That solitude was also what singled them out, along with their courage, for none of them had done what they did as part of a whole, or at the order of someone else. They had each decided alone to do what they did, each for his own reasons.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/2012\/05\/parama-weera-what-it-takes-and-what-it.html\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"213\" src=\"http:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-DexU1W5FFbo\/T8RBkwsybnI\/AAAAAAAAMB4\/Z9g6iSGaOno\/s320\/sri-lanka-army-with-civilians.jpg\" width=\"320\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EAt this year’s commemoration of the defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), the government decided to award the Parama Weera Vibushanaya [2], Sri Lanka’s highest award for bravery (equivalent to the British Victoria Cross and the American Medal of Honour) to fifteen members of the Sri Lankan Armed Forces for courage displayed in combat and, almost without exception, conducted in the last two years of the war. Fifteen may not seem like a huge number, but to give you an idea of its significance, consider that since the PWV was established in 1981, it had been awarded only eight times in the twenty-one years that preceded the Cease-Fire Agreement between the GoSL and the Tigers. Therefore, for it to be awarded over a dozen times in two years is an indication of the intensity of the fighting after the CFA collapsed, and the sacrifices needed to destroy the Tigers; particularly in the last year of combat.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThe Presidential Proclamation of 1981 that brought the PWV into effect states that the medal is to be awarded for … individual acts of gallantry and conspicuous bravery of the most exceptional order in the face of the enemy, performed voluntarily whilst on active service and with no regard to the risks to his own life and security with the objective of safeguarding thereby, the lives of his comrades or facilitating the operational aim of his force.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThe twenty-three recipients of the PWV are all men and, with few exceptions, young. These are not generals or admirals. They didn’t command thousands of subordinates, or carry out great acts of strategy that would be recorded in military textbooks. Usually, they were in charge of less than a dozen men. Sometimes, not even that; being the youngest and most junior soldiers in their units. Only eleven of them, less than half their number, were officers. Twenty of them were soldiers. Two were sailors. And one an airman. Twenty-one were Sinhalese, one a Moor, and one a Tamil. And all of them are dead. In the eighteen years since the PWV was first awarded in 1991, not a single one of its recipients has ever lived to feel that medal’s weight on his chest or test the military code that requires even the Chief of the Defense Staff to salute, without regard to rank, the wearer of that 32-mm wide crimson ribbon. Some died leading attacks that would drive the enemy back to ultimate defeat; but many died in desperate rearguard actions to ensure that their comrades and friends retreated to safety; and at least one to save the life of a politician. As many of them died to save someone as those who died whilst killing the enemy.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EAlthough the PWV was instituted in 1981, it wasn’t awarded for a full decade. Then in June 1991, a dramatic battle at the gates to the Jaffna Peninsula captured the imagination of the country’s population. Elephant Pass. Arguably, no other battle in the Eelam Wars would ever attain the legendary status of that engagement, for it contained all the elements necessary to elevate a mere battle into a legend worthy not just of the history books but the story books as well — a memorable name, a brave and outnumbered group of warriors surrounded by a cruel enemy, ultimate victory against all odds and, finally, and perhaps most importantly, a tragic hero.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThe road and rail routes onto the Jaffna Peninsula cross from the mainland via a causeway close to the small town of Elephant Pass, and by June 1991, a year after the outbreak of the Second Eelam War, it was held by a single infantry battalion — the 6th Sinha Rifles — some supporting arms, and a small Commando detachment; totally surrounded by enemy territory and dependent on resupply by helicopter from the airbase at Palaly. In early June, the 6th Sinha’s commanding officer was away on leave; the unit left in the hands of his second-in-command, Major (later Major General) Sanath Karunaratne. Strategically valuable for its control of the Jaffna Peninsula and its neighbouring lagoon, Elephant Pass was an important target for the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), and its leader, Velupillai Prabkharan, had vowed to capture it in “the mother of all battles”. As fighting raged across the Northern and Eastern Provinces, 5,000 Tigers launched a massive attack on the 800-man garrison at Elephant Pass, bringing in heavy ZSU-23-2 anti-aircraft cannon that prevented air resupply. For the next three days, the 6th Sinha stood at their guns as the Tigers sent in human wave attacks again and again, trying to use their superior numbers to overrun the riflemen, failing each time, but causing heavy casualties among the defenders.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EBy the 13th, the Tigers had overrun the Rest House Camp — a strongpoint in the sector protecting the southern side of the causeway, and the riflemen had been forced to retreat to the second line of defence centred on the Saltern Siding strongpoint. At dusk, the Tigers tried a new tactic, sending an armoured fighting vehicle — a converted Caterpillar bulldozer — north up the main highway towards the Saltern Siding. Heavy weapons mounted on the AFV hammered the defenders and Tiger infantry moved up in its path. Flattening a bunker, the AFV broke through the perimeter. The fate of the southern perimeter hung in the balance. Another bunker further down the line was manned by Lance Corporal Gamini Kularatne and Rifleman Roel, and as they watched the AFV break through the defences, Kularatne slung his assault rifle and picked up a grenade in each hand. Ordering Roel to provide covering fire, the shy, rail-thin 26-year-old from the Kandyan farming village of Hasalaka, made for the AFV, running through the heavy crossfire between the next line of defenses and the attacking Tigers. Hit several times, Kularatne kept going until he reached the rear of the AFV and scaled its ladder. Hauling himself onto the AFV, Kularatne used his grenades to kill the four-man crew, falling to the ground with the explosions. The Sinha riflemen then counterattacked and secured the perimeter. Gamini Kularatne was found on the road by his comrades, dead of the gunshot and shrapnel injuries he had received. Although it would take a further eighteen days of fighting before the 6th Sinha would be reinforced after an amphibious landing 12km away, the moment of supreme danger had passed. Major Sanath Karunaratne, the acting-CO of the 6th Sinha recommended Kularatne be awarded the PWV, and four months later the award was approved. The Parama Weera Vibushanaya had its first recipient.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EOver the next two years of ferocious fighting, no single act of courage was considered great enough to be awarded the PWV. Not until Poppy Day, 1993, and the Battle of Pooneryn. The 3rd Battalion of the Gajaba Regiment had been sent to Pooneryn primarily to help protect the nearby naval base at Nagathevanthurai which dominated the western part of the Jaffna Lagoon. SL Navy boats from this base were able to prevent the free movement of Tiger craft using the lagoon to resupply their troops on the peninsula, and particularly around the city of Jaffna itself. Like Elephant Pass, it was a thorn in the side of the Tigers and needed to be destroyed. Unlike at Elephant Pass, however, the Tiger attack was successful.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E2nd Lieutenant KWT Nissanka was a platoon commander in the 3rd Gajabas when the Tigers sprang a massive land- and seaborne assault on the Nagathevanthurai naval base and the SL Army positions close to Pooneryn late on November 10th, the eve of Poppy Day. Along with the main assaults, Tiger commandos who had earlier infiltrated the perimeter overran the strongpoints within the base as well as many of the bunkers housing the heavy support weapons. Taken by surprise, the Gajaba defenses collapsed under the intense attack. With Tiger troops inside the perimeter lines, an organised resistance was impossible, and the defenders grouped together in small squads and sections and fought back as best they could, hoping to survive. Lieutenant Nissanka’s platoon, deployed as part of the battalion perimeter, was just outside Pooneryn, and facing the town, when around 0130 hours on November 11th, a Tiger assault hit them. Nissanka’s platoon fought back with small arms and RPG fire, holding the Tigers off; however, they regrouped and mounted a second assault which, along with another assault by Tigers already inside the defense lines, began to take its toll on the platoon. As the situation worsened, the young lieutenant braved enemy fire to move from bunker to bunker, encouraging his men, and with his lines being overrun and more Tigers pouring into the attack, he radioed his battalion HQ for reinforcements. However, there were no reinforcements available as the whole perimeter was under attack, including the battalion HQ. The fighting continued through the dark hours, and as dawn approached, Nissanka’s continued disregard for his own safety resulted in a bullet in his thigh. Badly wounded and in great pain, Nissanka still stayed in command of his platoon, though the majority of his men were now killed or injured, and those unhurt were unable to evacuate the wounded under the intense Tiger fire. Finally, with yet another Tiger assault forming, Nissanka knew that his platoon’s position was hopeless. He then ordered his few remaining uninjured men to try and withdraw the wounded to a safer position, while he held off the Tigers. Nissanka then pulled the pins of two grenades, and with one in each fist, rushed the approaching Tigers. Hit several more times, Nissanka still managed to reach the Tigers and detonate the grenades, killing and wounding a number of them instantly, and dying in the attempt. The disruption he caused the assault enabled some of his men to withdraw from their position.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EHowever, unlike with Lance Corporal Kularatne’s sacrifice at Elephant Pass, Nissanka’s couldn’t save his battalion from the ferocious onslaught. Pooneryn and Nagathevanthurai fell with heavy casualties amongst both the Gajabas and the SL Navy troops. Colonel Daulagala, commander of the 3rd Gajabas, recommended Nissanka for the PWV, and it was approved in 1996.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EBut before Lieutenant Nissanka’s PWV was approved, one was awarded to another young lieutenant, for an act of courage that preceded even Gamini Kularatne’s, making this new recipient technically the first of the PWV heroes, even though the recommendation wasn’t approved until four years after the man’s death. This recipient was 2nd Lieutenant Saliya Aldeniya – a part-time officer in the 3rd (Volunteer) Sinha Rifles. Lieutenant Aldeniya had barely completed a year as a commissioned officer when the Tigers broke the ceasefire agreed with President Ranasinghe Premadasa and launched attacks all across the Northern and Eastern Provinces in the middle of 1990, announcing the outbreak of the Second Eelam War.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EBased in Nuwara Eliya in the Central Highlands, Colonel Abey Weerakoon’s 3rd Sinha was ordered to the Northern Province as war broke out. A rifle company was sent to defend Mankulam in late May, and a platoon of two officers and fifty-eight men of that company were detached to secure the nearby Rupavahini television relay station at Kokavil. Lieutenant Aldeniya was this platoon’s second-in-command, deemed too junior for the responsibility of command. On June 5th, Mankulam was attacked by the Tigers, but they were repulsed with heavy casualties, and by the 16th a temporary ceasefire was negotiated. By then, however, both Mankulam and Kokavil were surrounded by the Tigers. In spite of the danger of an imminent attack, the commander of the Kokavil detachment and fifteen men went on leave, leaving the 26-year-old Lieutenant Aldeniya in command of forty-three men. Shortly afterwards, the Tigers attacked and attempted to overrun the detachment.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003ESurrounded and outnumbered five to one, Aldeniya and his detachment held off the Tigers for fourteen days, and were running short of ammunition, medical supplies, food, and water. They had also taken a number of casualties. Reinforcements sent from Vavuniya to relieve Aldeniya’s detachment, couldn’t fight their way past the Tigers who held all the roads. By June 10th, the soldiers were down to 300 rounds of ammunition, and had only fifteen uninjured men. Resupply helicopters couldn’t get through the Tiger fire. In radio contact with his battalion commander, Aldeniya was ordered on June 11th to abandon the relay station and withdraw, but he was reluctant to leave behind his more seriously wounded men, who could not be moved. Ordering those who could walk to withdraw, Aldeniya elected to remain with the wounded. His last words to his CO, Colonel Weerakoon, before radio contact was lost at 2345 hours were “Don’t worry sir, I will fight till I die.” The Tigers then detonated an adjacent fuel dump and overran Aldeniya’s perimeter. He was 26 years old and married, and is listed as missing, believed killed. He was awarded the PWV four years later.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EBy late November 1995, Operation Riviresa (Sun Ray), the Sri Lankan military offensive to capture the city of Jaffna was at a very crucial stage, with the SL Army’s 53rd Division under Brigadier (later Major General) Janaka Perera on the outskirts of the city, three of its brigades — 531 Airmobile, 532 Infantry, and 534 Independent — pushing inwards, and the Tigers fighting desperately to keep them out. Being a coastal city on the edge of a peninsula surrounded by a maze of small islands, the Battle for Jaffna was also an amphibious one. In addition to the fighting for the city itself, SL Navy small boat units were tangling with Sea Tiger flotillas that were attempting to resupply and reinforce the Tigers in the city. SL Army infantry and Tiger units were also stationed on many of the small islands in an attempt to dominate the waters that the boats were using. One of these units was the 10th Gajabas, holding the island of Mandativu, just off Jaffna, to dominate both the Jaffna-Kayts causeway and the sea approaches to the city. Between the 10th Gajaba’s position and the city lay the tiny islet of Chiruthivu, manned by a small Tiger unit that was positioned to fire on the Gajabas and provide cover for Tiger boats resupplying Jaffna. The boats were operating by night, and as many as three-hundred sorties were run under cover of darkness, reinforcing and resupplying the Tigers in Jaffna. For the boat traffic to be stopped, Chiruthivu had to be taken and held.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003ELieutenant Colonel NAJC Dias, commander of the 10th Gajabas, decided to send two sections to take Chiruthivu. Staff Sergeant Pasan Gunasekara, a veteran platoon sergeant with ten years of fighting under his belt, volunteered to lead the team. It was just three weeks after his 31st birthday. In the early hours of the 29th, Gunasekara and his sixteen men set off from Mandativu on small improvised rafts to cross the narrow channel to Chiruthivu. Landing at 0200, they drove off the Tigers and secured the islet. Gunasekara then set up a fire base and engaged the Tiger boats with rifle, machine-gun, and RPG fire. For almost forty-eight hours, Gunasekara and his men exchanged heavy fire with the Sea Tiger boats and successfully stopped the seaborne resupply of Jaffna. His detachment was finally relieved at 2100 on November 30th, but by then Pasan Gunasekara had died of wounds sustained in the firefight with the boats. On December 1st, the city fell to the 53rd Division. Gunasekara’s CO recommended him for the PWV, and it was awarded in 1998.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EWith the capture of Jaffna and the securing of the peninsula by the Sri Lankan Armed Forces, the Tigers had lost their capital city, the symbolic heart of their struggle for Tamil independence. Forced to retreat into the Wanni jungles, the Tigers reverted once more to guerrilla warfare for the next half-year, rearming and retraining in preparation for a new offensive. They continued to operate at sea as well from bases on the mainland, often attacking SL Navy convoys resupplying the Jaffna Peninsula. On March 30th 1996, the Sea Tigers attacked a south-bound SL Navy transport carrying troops home on leave, escorted by Dvora fast attack craft (FACS) of the 4th Fast Attack Flotilla. The Dvoras had fought off several nighttime attacks, trading casualties with the Sea Tigers, and had taken some damage to their own craft. One of these was P458, commanded by Lieutenant Jude Wijethunge, with a twelve-man crew. P458 had damage to its engines and was under tow.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EWhen daylight arrived, the Sea Tigers tried a new tactic; they sent in two suicide boats escorted by Muraj gunboats, in two flanking attacks. As the northernmost attack came in, Lieutenant Wijethunge ordered his tow line dropped and turned into the Sea Tiger attack. Commanding his Dvora from its open bridge rather than the closed bridge radar station used for longer range engagements, Wijethunge intercepted the flanking maneuver and tried to destroy the suicide boat. Alone, and almost without engine power, several of its crew killed and badly wounded, P458 continued to fight, engaging the Muraj gunboats until it was rammed by the suicide boat and sunk. Only two of Jude Wijethunge’s crewmen survived to be picked up by the other Dvoras, and the skipper of P458 was not among them. He was the first sailor to receive the PWV.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EAs part of this guerrilla warfare, the Tigers launched a multitude of terrorist attacks across the country, including assassinations and a train bombing close to Colombo. One attempted assassination was of a cabinet minister, Nimal Siripala de Silva, the Minister of Housing and Public Utilities who, in his capacity as the chairman of the Presidential Task Force on Northern Rehabilitation, was visiting Jaffna in early July 1996.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EOn July 6th, Minister de Silva was having a busy morning in the Tamil capital; arriving at 0900, he had conducted a discussion on the reconstruction of the City of Jaffna, damaged the previous year in the fighting to capture it from the Tigers, and had then helped hand out free books to students at a convent. He then headed to Stanley Road to officially open the new Building Materials Corporation outlet. After the ceremony, Minister de Silva left the building and walked to the Mitsubishi Pajero SUV that was to transport him to the Jaffna Kachcheri for talks with military and civil officers involved in rehabilitation work. With the minister was Brigadier Ananda Hamangoda, commander of the 512 Brigade that held Jaffna, Ranjit Godamudune, the chairman of Lanka Cement, and a police bodyguard, PC Banda. Brigadier Hamangoda was going to personally drive Minister de Silva to his next appointment, escorted by armed troops of the 51st Division’s Quick Reaction Team (QRT) mounted in Land Rovers and on motorcycles. A large crowd had gathered to watch the proceedings.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EOn one QRT bike was Lance Corporal WIM Seneviratne of the 7th Light Infantry. A 28-year-old veteran, thrice wounded in combat, he had been seconded from his battalion to the division QRT after the capture of Jaffna. A son of Kurunegala paddy farmers, Seneviratne had almost ten years in the SL Army and had fought in two wars. On the pillion of his bike was Private Pushpakumara, and they were stationed twenty metres behind the minister’s SUV, engine ticking over, ready to escort the convoy.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EMinister de Silva started to get into the front passenger seat of the SUV at 1245, to take his place next to Brig Hamangoda in the driving seat. At that moment, Lance Corporal Seneviratne noticed a young woman move out of the crowd and start to walk quickly towards the minister’s vehicle. She seemed to be pregnant, and was carrying two bags in her hands. Immediately deciding that she could be a suicide bomber, Seneviratne snapped a warning to Pushpakumara and gunned the big XT250 forward towards the woman. Cutting diagonally across the road, Seneviratne braked to a halt in front of the woman, placing his motorcycle between her and the SUV. A second later, the woman detonated the explosives strapped to her body, killing herself, Seneviratne, and Pushpakumara instantly, and sending the charred bodies of the two QRT riders and their mangled bike sprawling across Stanley Road. Being in the passenger seat on the left side of the Pajero, Minister de Silva was only slightly wounded in the face and forehead; but the others in the SUV, Brigadier Hamangoda, Ranjit Godamudune, and PC Banda were all killed. Along with them died 20 others, 11 of them civilians, and 59 more were wounded. Lance Corporal Seneviratne’s selfless act of literally shielding the minister with his own body and preventing the suicide bomber getting any closer undoubtedly contributed to Minister de Silva’s survival. He was recommended for the PWV by his CO, Lieutenat Colonel KADA Karunasekara, and it was awarded two years later, in October 1998.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EAfter almost eight months of preparations, the Tiger offensive finally came in July 1996, with a massive assault on the 215 Brigade HQ at Mullaitivu on the northeastern coast. In addition to the brigade staff and support arms, the base was held by two battalions of infantry — the 6th Vijayabahu Infantry and the 9th Sinha Rifles — a total strength of just over 1,400 men. The Tiger forces numbered approximately 4,000. And, just like at Kokavil and Elephant Pass, the base’s senior officers were not present. The brigade commander, Colonel (later Major General) Lawrence Fernando, and his second-in-command, Lieutenant Colonel Gunaratne were both in Colombo on leave. The base had no road link to any other garrisons in the area, and could only be resupplied by air or sea.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EIn the early hours of 18th July, the Tigers launched Operation Oyatha Alaikal (Unceasing Waves) and, in eight hours of ferocious fighting overran the 6th Vijayabahu and 9th Sinha defence lines and destroyed most of the strongpoints in the base complex. They then concentrated on assaulting the artillery positions and armouries within the base. The decimated SL Army infantry retreated into small enclaves and attempted to hold out until reinforcements arrived. Most of the Army resistance was centered around what was left of the Vijayabahu battalion HQ. It was now full daylight, and the Tiger unit commanders were ordered to regroup and wait for nightfall before renewing the assault.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003ESeaborne reinforcements on the Jaffna Peninsula which were to relieve 215 Brigade weren’t ready to embark, and it took the rest of the day to get them on board a merchant vessel that would transport them to a rendezvous with naval landing craft that would make the final assault on the Mullaitivu coast. A beachhead needed to be established first, however, at the designated landing beach, Alampil, five kilometers south of the besieged 215 Brigade. This objective was assigned to two squadrons of the 1st Special Forces, and the first wave of 137 elite soldiers were helicoptered in, led by their battalion commander Lieutenant Colonel Fazly Lafir, a 37-year-old veteran special operations soldier and one of the founding members of the Special Forces. Lafir and the first wave of SF landed under heavy fire on the exposed beach. The pilots of the SLAF’s No 6 Helicopter Squadron brought their Mi-17 transports suicidally close to the Tiger positions, one landing his SF “stick” practically on top of a Tiger .50-in heavy machine-gun, so close that the Tiger crew couldn’t bring their weapon to bear in time. Led by Fazly Lafir, who was by now in radio contact with 215 Brigade, the SF fought through the rest of the day and, after being reinforced by a second wave of SF at dusk, into the night to secure the beachhead, making repeated assaults on the Tiger positions that surrounded them, and losing thirty-six men killed and sixty wounded. Already shot several times, Lafir continued to lead his men until finally killed by shrapnel early on the 19th. At one point during the night, surrounded by battle and the continuous mortar fire of the Tigers, he was heard to say, “This is the most beautiful night of my life.” Lieutenant Colonel Fazly Lafir is the highest ranking member of the Armed Forces to receive the PWV.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EBy the next day, the Tigers had reinforced their positions at Alampil, and the helicopters could land no more troops. The Special Forces squadrons then fought on alone for two days to hold the beachhead until the landing craft could get in on the 21st. One Mi-17 was forced down by Tiger fire and SLNS Ranaviru, a Shanghai-class fast gun boat was sunk by a Sea Tiger suicide boat. Delayed by the Tigers at the beachhead, and by planning and logistical issues, the relief column didn’t reach Mullaitivu until July 23rd, by which time the base had fallen. 215 Brigade had been practically wiped out, with over 1,200 men killed, including at least 200 taken prisoner and subsequently murdered, and many killed in the act of surrendering.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EAfter losing large bases like Pooneryn and Mullaitivu in 1995 and 1996, the Government of Sri Lanka needed to re-establish a main supply route from the south to the Jaffna Peninsula. Regular Tiger attacks and periodic bad weather on the sea and air routes had proven them too unreliable to sustain Jaffna. The most practical such supply route was the A9 Highway that connected central Sri Lanka to Jaffna, and in May 1997, the SL Army launched its biggest offensive, a multi-division thrust named Operation Jayasikurui (Victory Assured).\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EBy December that year, the offensive had reached Mankulam, at the cost of heavy casualties. On the 4th, the elite 53rd Division, veterans of the Battle of Jaffna, pushed north of Mankulam in a pincer movement out of which most of the Tiger units quickly withdrew. Before the division could consolidate, however, they were hit by a massive Tiger artillery bombardment that was obviously preparatory fire before a counterattack. The enemy artillery had to be taken out, and the 2nd Commandos were sent in. Leading one squadron-sized group was Captain GS Jayanath. The artillery positions that were his objective however proved to be a fake, and when Jayanath’s group assaulted it, the waiting Tigers sprang a massive ambush, pinning the commandos down. Under heavy machine-gun, rocket, and mortar fire, and taking casualties, Jayanath led a team of volunteers forward in an attempt to draw the Tiger fire and allow the remainder of his men to escape. In spite of his efforts, Jayanath’s group had taken too many casualties to break out with their wounded, and the captain ordered them to form a perimeter in the thick jungle while the Tigers kept up a continuous fire on them, periodically assaulting Jayanath’s perimeter in an effort to overrun his lines. In radio contact with his commanding officer, Jayanath said that he believed he could hold his position until reinforcements arrived. This proved no easy task, however, and the reinforcing troops, fighting their way through to Jayanath were faced with heavy Tiger resistance and began to take too many casualties themselves. Jayanath was told that he couldn’t be reinforced and told to break out with his men and withdraw. Knowing that this would mean abandoning his wounded, Jayanath, like Lieutenant Aldeniya at Kokavil and Lieutenant Nissanka at Pooneryn, refused. His CO heard him say that he wouldn’t leave as long as there was even a single one of his men left alive to take his orders. He also said that he was determined not to surrender, and would hold his position as long as he could. The Tiger assaults were too strong, however, and eventually Jayanath was hit in the head and killed, his group overrun and destroyed almost to a man. For his courage in refusing to abandon his wounded, and for leading by example until he was killed, Captain Jayanath was awarded the PWV, and remains the only commando to have received the medal to date.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EBy late 1999, Jayasikurui had stalled and the Tigers were on the offensive with their own Operation Oyatha Alaikal (Unceasing Waves)III. Kilinochchi fell, and Paranthan was under heavy attack. Tiger troops were also moving against Elephant Pass to prevent reinforcements being sent. On December 17th, Tiger units were moving up by boat against the SL Army lines at Thammilamadam, close to Elephant Pass, and the soldiers called for air support. Based at Palaly, was No 9 Attack Helicopter Squadron, and Squadron Leader Tyron Silvapulle led a pair of Mi-24 Hind attack helicopters on the mission. With him was Flying Officer Chinthaka de Soyza as copilot, the youngest officer in the squadron, and two door gunners. Arriving over the target area, Silvapulle analyzed the situation. The Sea Tiger boats were heavily armed and known to possibly carry anti-aircraft missiles. It was also the middle of the northeast monsoon, and the weather was bad. Nevertheless, Silvapulle ordered his wingman to remain on station, out of range of the Tiger boats, and he himself dove into the attack. The Mi-24 possessed massive fire power, and Silvapulle and de Soyza unloaded on the Tiger boats in repeated passes, coming in dangerously low to make their fire count. Eventually, the Sea Tigers had enough and began to retreat, heading their boats down the coast. Not content with letting them escape to fight another day, Silvapulle pressed home his attack and his chopper was almost immediately hit by what is suspected to have been an anti-aircraft missile fired from the boats or the nearby shore. The Mi-24 went down in the shallow waters of the Vettilaikerni lagoon, killing its four-man crew. Although Silvapulle was recommended for the PWV, it took over twelve years for it to be approved, being awarded last week, along with fourteen others from the last few years of the war.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EIn 2002, the LTTE and the government signed a ceasefire agreement, and for the next four years, an uneasy peace reigned; the war relegated to acts of terrorism, assassination, and sabotage, carried out by shadowy terrorists and intelligence operatives. In mid-2006, open warfare broke out again in the Eastern Province, followed almost immediately by a Tiger offensive in the north against Jaffna in August. Just before the 2002 ceasefire, the Tigers had captured Elephant Pass, and with it the eastern half of the Jaffna Peninsula, eventually squaring off against the SL Army along a line of fortifications and trenches between Muhamalai and Nagarkovil, dubbed the National Front by the government. During the years of the ceasefire, both sides built up their defenses, and when fighting broke out in the East, the SL Army launched several probing sorties against the Tiger lines, giving the impression that an offensive to recapture Elephant Pass was being planned. The Tigers in turn beefed up their troop strength and, on August 11th, after a heavy preparatory artillery bombardment, launched a pre-emptive attack overland and amphibiously, overrunning the Muhamalai-Nagarkovil line. It would take the SL Army’s 53rd Division ten hours of heavy fighting to throw the Tigers back and retake the captured forward defense lines.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThe 53rd’s ready reserve was the Airmobile Brigade, and it was this formation that counterattacked once the Tiger advance had been halted. One of the Airmobile’s two teeth battalions was the 1st Vijayabahu Infantry, and its assault on the captured bunker line was under a hail of RPG fire launched by grenadiers such as Corporal PN Suranga. The young NCO’s accurate rocket fire was key to his unit’s assault on the bunkers and the subsequent defense against Tiger counterattacks. The Tigers momentarily abandoned their infantry assaults and both sides exchanged artillery and mortar fire for the next two days. On the 14th, the Tigers attacked again in large numbers, at night, charging in to close range in spite of heavy fire from the Vijayabahu infantrymen. Corporal Suranga’s platoon was heavily engaged and he used his RPG rockets to good effect until he finally ran out of the 120-mm projectiles. Helplessly, he watched a Tiger machine-gun team set up their weapon mere yards from his position and begin to pour devastating fire into Suranga’s comrades. His RPG-7 launcher useless, Suranga picked up a grenade and charged the enemy, scrambling into the midst of the machine-gun team before detonating the grenade and killing them, along with himself. The destruction of the machine-gun broke the Tiger assault and allowed the Vijayabas to survive the night. Suranga was recommended for the PWV, and received it in May 2012.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EAs the SL Armed Forces pushed the Tigers out of the Eastern Province and the western Wanni over the next two years, the PWV went unawarded, in spite of some heavy fighting and much bravery, particularly in the fighting around Mannar. It wasn’t until the SL Army formations were approaching the A9 Highway once more that four more PWVs would be recommended for great acts of bravery; two by infantrymen and two by men of the Special Forces. What would be unique about the PWVs awarded over the next year — the final one of this long war — was that often multiple medals were won by soldiers fighting a particular battle, several of them in the same battalion, indicating the intensity of the combat, as well as the personal dedication of many of these soldiers.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThe first of these units was the 8th Light Infantry, one of the teeth battalions of 574 Brigade, part of Major General Jagath Dias’ 57th Division, and tasked with the capture of Thunukkai in June, 2008. Each of the battalion’s companies had a special assault section similar to the German storm troopers of WW1, given the dangerous mission of storming the heavily fortified Tiger line west of the A9 Highway. In one of these assault sections was Lance Corporal AMMP Abeysinghe, a grenadier armed with the deadly RPG-7 bunker-busting rocket launcher. In the pre-dawn darkness of 25th June, Abeysinghe’s section crept up close to the Tiger defenses before launching a surprise assault. Within minutes, the assault troops broke into the Tiger line in a storm of grenades and rockets, and the 8th Light Infantry poured through this and other gaps, overrunning the first line of bunkers. As specialist assault troops, Abeysinghe’s section didn’t have time to pause, moving quickly on to take the next line of defenses, which by now were fully alert to the SL Army attack. In the point position for his section, the young Abeysinghe spotted a group of Tiger bunkers set up immediately behind the first line, camouflaged so that they could lay down enfilading fire on troops moving forward to the second line. Realizing the danger that this strongpoint posed, Abeysinghe didn’t wait for the rest of his section; instead attacking immediately. Single-handedly, he flanked the bunkers and got in behind them. He then used his RPG rockets to destroy each bunker in turn, killing the Tigers holding them. He was, however, severely wounded in the attempt. Not content with this feat, Abeysinghe then spotted a second similar strongpoint and, still not waiting for his section to catch up, stormed it alone. By now, out of rockets for his RPG launcher, Abeysinghe instead used hand grenades to break into the strongpoint and kill its defenders, himself dying in the explosions. His PWV was awarded in 2012 in the Victory Day ceremonies, three years after the war.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThe second PWV awarded to the 8th Light Infantry, came three months later, as the battalion attacked the Kilinochchi-Akkarayankulam Road in September. Taking the road on the 16th, the infantrymen continued their advance the next day, hoping to push the Tigers back away from the road and secure it from counterattack. Within hours, however, the 8th Light Infantry had been halted by fortified Tiger defensive positions to the east; and as dusk fell, the Tigers counterattacked, pushing the tired infantrymen back towards the road. Trying to take their casualties with them, the infantrymen were being swarmed by the Tigers, dangerously close to being overrun and routed. One of the 8th Light Infantry’s machine-gunners was Private EGDR Dayananda, and he had been using his 7.62-mm PKM general-purpose machine-gun for hours to try and stem the waves of Tigers. Now, with his comrades low on ammunition and exhausted by the two days of attack and counterattack, Dayananda knew that he had to buy them some time to withdraw with the wounded. Setting up his GPMG, Dayananda then proceeded to hold off the Tigers single-handedly, holding them back with accurate fire until he was overrun and killed.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThe 3rd Special Forces was the next unit to be honoured with two PWVs in quick succession that year. Specializing in reconnaissance and assassination missions behind the Tiger lines, the long-range recce patrols (LRRP) of the 3rd SF had had a lot of success at locating high-ranking Tigers and killing them, or identifying their locations for air strikes. Colonel Shankar, commander of the Tiger air wing, and Lieutenant Colonel Kangai Amaran, the second-in-command of the Sea Tigers, had both been ambushed and killed by LRRPs in 2001, just before the ceasefire, and Colonel Charles, the head of Tiger military intelligence had been killed in early 2008. In addition, Tamilchelvam, the deputy leader of the Tigers had been killed in an airstrike after his location was identified by LRRPs.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThat same year, a six-man LRRP from the 3rd SF sneaked through the Tiger lines and headed northeast towards Mankulam. Marching for 30-km on a route that would allow them to flank the town from the west, they then turned east and set up an ambush on the A9 Highway between Mankulam and Kilinochchi, the Tiger capital since the fall of Jaffna in 1995. The ambush was a success, and two senior Tiger officers were killed. The patrol then began its long withdrawal back to their own lines. However, crossing the Mankulam-Thunnukai Road, the patrol itself was ambushed. One SF trooper was immediately wounded, and the patrol commander, a sergeant, and Lance-Corporal K Chandana began to provide cover so that three other unwounded troopers could carry the injured man to safety. Outnumbered and outgunned, the two SF men held off the Tigers, both being wounded in the process. Once the rest of the patrol had crossed the road, it was the turn of Chandana and his sergeant to make a run for it. But Chandana was too badly wounded to move on his own, and knew that to allow his wounded sergeant to assist him would result in both their deaths or — even worse — their capture. Chandana insisted that the sergeant withdraw while he himself covered him, knowing full well that to stay behind was to face certain death. With no other choice, the sergeant crossed the road in the wake of his team, while Chandana continued to hold off the Tigers until he was killed. He received the PWV four years later at the 2012 Victory Day celebrations.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EWhile Corporal Chandana was a junior NCO, later that same year, another member of the 3rd SF would be selected for a PWV — its commanding officer, Major Lalith Jayasinghe. The son of a tea estate clerk, Jayasinghe had played rugby for his school before joining the 6th Gemunu Watch, later applying for the Special Forces. As a captain, he had been hand-picked for training at Ft Benning in the USA. By November 1998, Jayasinghe was 34 years old, married and expecting to be a father; he had also twice won the Weera Wickrama Vibushanaya (WWV), the second-highest award for individual bravery in combat. He had also planned many of the ambushes that had already cost the Tigers some of their high-ranking officers, and had personally led several of them.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EIn late November, Major Jayasinghe led an eight-man team on yet another mission, marching forty kilometres through heavy rain and over terrain that was often swept by raging flood waters, into enemy territory to lay an ambush on the A34 Highway between Mankulam and Oddusuddan. Taken ill on the long march, Jayasinghe was forced to remain with the rearguard at the ambush site so as not to give away the LRRP team’s position. His men soon sprang the ambush, but the Tigers, on the alert after many such LRRP attacks, had the area under constant surveillance, and the small patrol soon found themselves under attack. The patrol had to move fast to avoid being surrounded and, despite his illness, Jayasinghe led his men in a fighting withdrawal during which he was wounded by enemy fire. In a running firefight, the SF patrol had a second man wounded, and were slowed down enough to be cut off and surrounded by the Tigers. With his patrol pinned down and in danger of being overrun, Jayasinghe — weak from illness and wounds — led an assault on the enemy positions to blast a way through for his team. Hit again, this time in the head, Jayasinghe was killed, but his team broke through, taking their wounded comrade with them, as well as the body of their dead officer. Still pursued by the Tigers, the patrol was found by Mi-24 attack helicopters of the SLAF which soon beat the Tigers back with repeated rocket and gun runs. The respite allowed a transport chopper to then land and pick up the surviving troopers. Lalith Jayasinghe was the second Special Forces battalion commander to be awarded the PWV — after Fazly Lafir, killed at Mullaitivu in 1996; both officers killed while leading their men in desperate combat against overwhelming odds.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EWhile the ground offensive against the Tigers crept inexorably closer to the rebel capital of Kilinochchi, another war was raging along the country’s northeastern coast and out to sea. Sea Tiger boats were ferrying supplies, ammunition, and men up and down the coast; and these were particularly vital to the Tigers fighting on the Jaffna Peninsula, now almost cut off from the mainland since the recapture of Pooneryn by the SL Army. These boats were constantly harried by inshore patrol craft (IPCs) and Arrow Boats of the SL Navy’s Rapid Action Boat Squadrons (RABS) and Special Boat Squadron (SBS). The Sea Tiger gun and suicide boats were also trying to get through the cordon of the 3rd Fast Gun Boat Squadron and 4th Fast Attack Flotilla to resupply ships further out to sea. It was in these battles that a sailor would be awarded the SL Navy’s second PWV.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EOn November 1st, 2008, a flotilla of Sea Tiger boats attacked the SL Navy cordon off Point Pedro; suicide boats escorted by gun boats. The Sea Tiger tactic was to use superior numbers to “swarm” the larger Dvora-, Shaldag-, and Colombo-Class fast attack craft of the SL Navy, getting in to close range where the fast attack craft’s heavier weapons were less useful against the highly maneuverable Muraj-, Thrikka-, and Sudai-Class gun boats of the Sea Tigers. To counter this tactic, the SL Navy’s RABS and SBS used similar small boats which fought almost like light cavalry units on land, attacking and defending in tight formations. As the Sea Tigers swept in, they were met by the IPCs and smaller Arrow Boats, and a large running gun battle ensued. Z-142, one of the SBS Arrow Boats, was commanded by Petty Officer KG Shantha, and he steered his sleek, fast craft with skill, cutting in and out of the Sea Tiger boats, his 23-mm gunner and two machine-gunners using their weapons to maximum effect and destroying several enemy craft. Shantha’s Arrow Boat always seemed to be in the place of maximum danger, and this disregard for personal safety gradually took its toll on the crew of the light and unarmoured boat. Soon, all three gunners had been killed or wounded. Finally, the Sea Tigers were close enough to strike at the larger FACs of the 4th Fast Attack Flotilla. With his gunners out of action, Shantha saw a suicide boat charge out of the Sea Tiger formation, aiming for P-164, one of the Colombo-Class FACs. Knowing the only weapon left to him was his boat itself, Shantha swung Z-142 around and raced for the speeding suicide boat. Shantha’s Arrow Boat slammed headlong into the suicide boat, stopping it before it could hit P-164 and its crew of twelve, killing himself in a thunderous detonation. Like the rest of the PWVs awarded for the last year of the war, Shantha’s too was received at the 2012 Victory Day ceremonies.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EOn New Year’s Day, 2009, Paranthan fell; and the next day, it was Kilinochchi, the Tiger capital, abandoned as the LTTE was driven back over the A9 Highway. And with the new year, the PWVs came thick and fast. There was no respite for either side, and the SL Army formations immediately began to push the Tigers back away from the A9 Highway, while the rebels fought like trapped animals from behind earthen bunds, trenches, and fortified bunkers. Brigadier Shavendra Silva’s 58th Division was making slow progress along the A35, trying take Vishvamadu. For three days, the 58th’s brigades hurled themselves at the Tigers, losing over 300 men before grinding to a halt at the Nethali Aru bridge on the 19th of January, pinned down by heavy Tiger fire. Unable to take a direct route to the objective, Brigadier Silva sent his reserve 584 Brigade round the right flank to attack Vishvamadu from the west. One of the battalions in this reserve brigade struggling to overcome Tiger resistance was the 21st Sinha Rifles. By the 29th, the unit was close to Vishvamadu but facing heavy resistance.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EIn the early hours of darkness, the 21st Sinha Rifles sent eight-man assault sections to knock out strongpoints in the Tiger lines before the final attack. In one of these assault teams was nineteen-year-old Rifleman Abeyrathne Banda who had finished basic training just in time to join his battalion as it crossed the A9 on New Year’s Day. The ground in front of the Tiger strongpoint had been strewn with anti-personnel mines and hidden booby traps, and it took Abeyrathne’s section hours of careful stalking in near total darkness before they were crouched in the water-filled ditch beneath the strongpoint. The bunker had to be stormed before daylight so that the rest of the battalion could assault the defenses under cover of darkness, and as soon as Abeyrathne’s section had caught their collective breath, they scaled the earthen bund and attacked the defenders with grenades and rifle fire, using surprise to overwhelm them quickly. The same feat was being carried out up and down the line as the other assault sections took the strongpoints, and the game was soon up. Tigers in other bunkers on both sides began to attack the captured strongpoints, desperate to recapture them before the inevitable main assault by the SL Army engulfed them. In addition, heavy fire from the second line of Tiger defenses began to hit the less well protected rear of the bunkers. Abeyrathne’s section was pinned down, fighting for their lives and the lives of the men of the attacking companies who were depending on the strongpoints being held. Several of the riflemen were seriously wounded, including Abeyrathne himself, but he continued to fight, ignoring his wounds. It was, however, clear to Abeyrathne that it was a losing battle; their combat-effective numbers dwindling, there was no way they could hold off the ever-approaching Tigers before reinforcements arrived. Taking out a hand grenade, Abeyrathne dived out of the strongpoint and into the trench that connected it to the next bunker. Wounded and in pain, the teenaged rifleman rushed down the trench and into the Tigers before detonating the hand grenade and killing himself. This sacrifice was enough to hold back the Tigers long enough for the rest of the 21st Sinha to storm the line and take it. Vishvamadu fell later that day. The Sinha Rifles had given the PWV its first recipient nineteen years before; now this legendary regiment had given it its youngest recipient.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EAlthough Vishvamadu had fallen, the pressure on the SL Army units pinned down at the Nethali Aru bridge didn’t relent. Fearing a complete encirclement of their troops in the area, the Tigers attacked up the highway, hoping to push 581 Brigade back and allow some of the defenders of Vishvamadu to escape. One of the battalions holding the highway was the 7th Gemunu Watch, under intense Tiger assault and holding on grimly to the territory they had captured at high cost. But they were taking casualties steadily, and by February 1st, the situation was tense. Slowly, but surely, the Tigers seemed to be getting the upper hand. Among the Highlanders of the 7th Gemunu Watch was Corporal PMN Pushpakumara, and most of the section under his command had been wounded and were now unable to stop the Tigers advancing on them. Knowing he couldn’t stop the enemy on his own, but unwilling to retreat and leave his wounded men to be killed, Pushpakumara then strapped a Claymore directional mine to his torso, clenched the detonator in one hand, and charged the Tigers. Taking them by surprise, he succeeded in getting right amongst the Tigers before detonating the Claymore and killing enough of them to halt the advance on his section. For his deliberate sacrifice of his life for his men, Corporal Pushpakumara was awarded the PWV in 2012.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003ETwo days later, and on the far side of the cauldron that was the rapidly shrinking piece of territory held by the Tigers, the rebels launched another counterattack. The area around Puthukkudiyiruppu (PTK), just west of the Nadikadal Lagoon was held by Tiger units under the command of Pottu Amman, the LTTE’s head of intelligence. Immediately south of him was the SL Army’s Task Force 4, and it was pushing north along the Oddusudan-PTK Road, having already taken Mulliavalai. On the 3rd, Pottu Amman counterattacked, relying on suicide bombers to spearhead his attack, and succeeding in throwing the Army back several kilometres. One of the units with TF4 was the 2nd Special Forces, two of its squadrons providing the division-sized formation with its ready reserve. Now, with troops falling back under the Tiger assault, the 2nd SF was sent in to stem the tide.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EGoing straight into action, the Special Forces came under immediate attack. With this fresh assault, the Tigers sent in a suicide attack in the form of an armour-plated truck, packed with explosives to punch a way through the defenses. The SF troops put down a ferocious barrage of small arms fire on the truck, but its armour resisted the 7.62-mm fire and kept coming. Corporal Chandrasiri Bandara, one of the SF troopers knew that the only way to stop the truck bomb was with rocket fire, and loading his RPG-7 launcher, he quickly stepped into its path. Taking careful aim, Bandara allowed the truck to close the distance, knowing that he might not get a second shot. Finally, Bandara fired, and the 120-mm rocket flashed across the intervening distance, detonating against the truck’s armour. Through the smoke charged the truck, damaged, but still functional, the suicide bomber at the wheel determined to carry out his mission. Tiger infantry following the truck had now seen Bandara and, realizing the threat the man’s rockets posed, sent a hail of bullets that whizzed past him and churned up the ground around him. The truck was dangerously close now, and Bandara realized that even if he blew it up he might not escape the explosion of its deadly cargo. His only chance was to dive for cover by the side of the road and allow the truck to race by, but instead, Bandara reloaded his rocket launcher and took aim again, dropping to one knee to steady himself. With the truck looming over him now, Bandara fired. With a whoosh the rocket penetrated the truck’s armour and, a fraction of a second later, detonated its explosives in a thunderous roar that destroyed the truck and killed Bandara instantly. For refusing to retreat in the face of fatal danger and preventing the deaths of countless numbers of his comrades, Corporal Chandrasiri Bandara was awarded the Special Forces’ fourth PWV. Before the war was over, this elite regiment would earn a fifth medal, making it the most decorated of the SL Army.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EBy the beginning of March, the 58th Division had fought its way down the A35 and was close to PTK Junction. The fighting was ferocious; both sides attacking and counterattacking, capturing ground that was soon lost a few hours later, all at the cost of hundreds of lives. On the 2nd, something unique happened in the annals of the Parama Weera Vibushanaya; it was awarded to two men of the same battalion for acts of heroism on the very same day. Captain UGAS Samaranayake and Captain HGMKI Meghawarne were both platoon commanders in the 9th Gemunu Watch, fighting to capture PTK Junction, and in almost identical acts of courage, both officers stayed in command of their platoons in spite of serious wounds, making sure their wounded subordinates were evacuated but refusing to be casevacced themselves. Both officers stayed in command, leading their platoons until they succumbed to their injuries.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EBy mid-April, the 53rd and 58th Divisions of the SL Army were very close to the northwestern edge of the Nandikadal Lagoon. At this point, the A35 Highway entered the government-declared No-Fire Zone at Irattaivaykkal, and before the Army could enter it in pursuit of the Tigers, it was necessary to free more than 100,000 Tamil civilians who were being held by the Tigers as human shields. The best way to do this was via the A35, but the Tigers too knew this, and put up a fierce defense of the road route. Behind the earthen bunds, and in their waterlogged bunkers, the civilians too knew the Army was getting closer. For weeks they had been running the gauntlet of the Tigers to escape to Army lines, many of them being killed by Tiger gunfire. Now, the civilians waited in fear and anticipation for the Army to breach the bund and allow them to flee to safety. By the 18th, the 58th Division’s offensive along the A35 had stalled, unable to get past the Tiger defenses in spite of repeated air and artillery strikes, and instead the momentum was switched to the 53rd Division on the left flank. Units of this division would fight their way to the coastal road that entered the NFZ at Ampalavanpokkanai and advance into the NFZ from the north. It wasn’t the best option, but the only one available to the Army.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EJust before midnight on the 19th, under the cover of darkness and driving rain, troops of the 1st Special Forces moved through Ampalavanpokkanai towards the earthen bund built across the coastal road and between the narrow lagoon and the coast. They were guided by some civilians who had escaped from the Tiger lines. Tiger strongpoints were on alert however, and firing blindly into the night, unaware that the SF troopers were creeping up under their noses. By 0400 on the 20th, the SF was in position below the bund, and with the first glimmer of dawn at 0500, they pitched grenades over the bund and stormed the Tiger positions. One of the officers leading them was Major KA Gamage, who then began to use his troops to overrun the Tiger bunkers and create a gap through which the thousands of civilians could escape. Women, children, and the elderly who had been crouched all night under shellfire in their flooded bunkers now braved the Tiger fire to wade through the lagoon towards the Army lines. Gamage’s orders were not to advance further because of the danger of Black Tiger suicide bombers, but to hold the bund and cover the civilians’ escape. This, however, was not possible. The Tigers beyond the bund kept up a steady stream of fire at the SF troops and the civilians, trying to prevent the latter from escape. As the sun rose higher, Gamage led his men in repeated attacks against Tiger positions beyond the bund, trying to suppress their fire. By 0700, Gamage’s men were exposing themselves to Tiger fire and waving white flags to attract the civilians’ attention to the route they should take. The civilians were starving and exhausted, carrying little children, some wounded, and many too weak to scale the bund, and the soldiers had to help them over, instructing them to crawl to avoid being hit by the steady enemy fire. Often, Tigers would advance under cover of the civilians to fire on the SF men, trying to draw retaliatory fire against the civilians, and Gamage and his men had to take extreme care to pick off the rebels and not harm the terrified civilians. Throughout the morning of the 20th, almost 100,000 civilians escaped to safety, while nearly a thousand were killed either by the Tigers or Army artillery that was trying to suppress the Tiger fire. To cover the civilians, Gamage and his men had to constantly expose themselves to enemy fire, and this took a deadly toll on them in dead and wounded. Amongst the dead was Major Gamage, killed at the head of his men. He was the fifth and final recipient of the PWV from the Special Forces.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EBy the 11th of May, the SL Army had taken the Irattaivaykkal bund as well as a series of bunds southeast of Ampalavanpokkanai, and were advancing on a two-division front down the spit of land that divided the Nandikadal Lagoon from the sea, towards Vellamullivaikal. There were still tens of thousands of civilians crowded in with the Tigers who were stubbornly resisting the advance and brutally killing any civilians who tried to flee. The advance of the 55th Division down the coast through Challai had deprived the Sea Tigers of many of their bases, and in their retreat they had brought along some of their lightest boats, hiding them along the Mullivaikal coast and the shores of the Nandikadal Lagoon. Now, they would use them as suicide craft against the infantry advancing through the shallows of the lagoon. The 6th Light Infantry was anchoring the right flank of the advance, its soldiers wading and using improvised rafts to advance along the northern shore of the lagoon.Private RMDM Ratnayake had advanced for three-hundred metres through the mud and water of the lagoon when he saw Tiger suicide boats moving ahead. One of these craft turned towards the infantrymen and began a rapid approach. Exposed in the shallow water, most of the soldiers started to fall back, trying to get to higher ground before the boat caught them. Instead of following his comrades, however, Private Ratnayake, a recent replacement fresh from training, stood his ground and opened fire on the suicide boat. Eventually, it was clear that neither the Tiger nor Ratnayake was going to back down, and as the suicide boat raced in to close range, it was hit again and again and exploded in a ball of fire that killed the young infantryman, and earned him the PWV.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EAs the SL Army divisions moving in from north and south squeezed the Tigers into the middle of the Mullivaikal spit, other units set up a blocking screen on the western side of the lagoon. Several of these units set up machine-gun, sniper, and rocket teams on small islets in the lagoon itself, supporting the advance and providing an early warning system for any attempted breakout by the Tigers. One of these outposts was manned by eight men of the 4th Vijayabahu Infantry, and led by Sergeant HGS Bandara. The expected breakout came on the night of the 17th, and the small outpost found itself in the path of an advancing Tiger unit of over 150 rebels. The infantrymen didn’t know it, but this was part of a doomed attempt to get Prabakharan, his family, and several Tiger high-rankers away to safety. Outnumbered almost twenty to one, Sergeant Bandara gave the order to fire, and his small team poured fire into the Tigers. Caught in the open and taken by surprise, the Tigers were taking heavy casualties; but they quickly recovered and replied in kind, their fire slashing into the islet. Outgunned and outnumbered, the eight infantrymen were all hit; some of them, including Bandara, quite severely. Undaunted, Bandara continued to lead his team, directing their fire and encouraging them in the face of overwhelming odds. In spite of his own wounds, Bandara also carried or dragged the more severely wounded men of his team to better cover on the far side of the islet, returning each time to continue the fight. Incredibly, the small team, through sheer bravery and tenacity, was able to repulse the larger enemy unit and drive it back to the Mullivaikal side of the lagoon. At this point, weak from loss of blood, Sergeant Bandara succumbed to his wounds. The PWV he was awarded was the last of the war. A few days later, Prabakharan’s body was found on the banks of the lagoon, and the fighting finally ended after almost thirty long years.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ci\u003EMany brave men lived before Agamemnon: but they are all bound, unknown and unwept, in the long night, for there was no one to sing of them in sacred verse.– Horace Odes\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EAs with all subjective awards for excellence, there will always be questions as to why a particular individual was honoured, and why another wasn’t. The criteria for receipt of the PWV is clear, and yet the recommendation lies firstly with the hero-elect’s commanding officer, and then with a special awards panel that decides the eligibility of many such recommendations before forwarding their decision to the President for final approval. There will be many who will point cynically to the fact that as many as half the PWVs awarded were to individuals killed in the last two years of the war, proof of a political motivation behind these last awards. But to read the accounts of individual bravery, of selfless sacrifice, is to understand that, whatever the political motivation, the recipients — and the families they left behind — deserved more than just a medal. It could also be an indication of the ferocity of the fighting to defeat the Tigers, and the determination of the servicemen to pay any necessary cost not just for victory, but in defense of their friends and comrades. As I said before, as many PWVs have been awarded in defeat as in victory.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EReaders should also not attempt to keep score – tempting as that is – between the different units and services who’s members have received the PWV. The awarding of this medal isn’t necessarily an indication of the fighting prowess of those formations. For example, the Special Forces have received five PWVs to the Commandos’ one; but there is no one in his right mind who will take that as an indication that the SF is five times as good as the Commandos. For every PWV awarded, it is possible that a dozen similar acts went unrecognized.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EFinally, this article is not meant to be a commentary on the war. If I have not mentioned certain things, or seem to have stressed on others, it is not because I am trying to make a point of it, or to show one side better than the other; but simply to present a backdrop to the feats of the twenty-three servicemen who have received the PWV. And from the bottom of my heart, I hope that it will never again be necessary to award even one more Parama Weera Vibushanaya.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\u003Cscript type=\"text\/javascript\"\u003E\n\u003C!--\ngoogle_ad_client = \"pub-0219040124010769\";\n\/* 468x60, created 9\/16\/10 *\/\ngoogle_ad_slot = \"2857939967\";\ngoogle_ad_width = 468;\ngoogle_ad_height = 60;\n\/\/--\u003E\n\u003C\/script\u003E \u003Cscript src=\"http:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/show_ads.js\" type=\"text\/javascript\"\u003E\n\u003C\/script\u003E  \u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style \"\u003E\u003Ca class=\"addthis_button_facebook_like\" fb:like:layout=\"button_count\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/post-create.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\"\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E \u003Ca class=\"addthis_button_tweet\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/post-create.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\"\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E \u003Ca class=\"addthis_button_google_plusone\" g:plusone:size=\"medium\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/post-create.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\"\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E \u003Ca class=\"addthis_counter addthis_pill_style\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/post-create.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\"\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cscript src=\"http:\/\/s7.addthis.com\/js\/250\/addthis_widget.js#pubid=xa-4e7b34cc1b94bddd\" type=\"text\/javascript\"\u003E\n\u003C\/script\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/feeds\/3371065933676833160\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/comment.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\u0026postID=3371065933676833160\u0026isPopup=true","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2468613367801394261\/posts\/default\/3371065933676833160"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2468613367801394261\/posts\/default\/3371065933676833160"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/2012\/05\/parama-weera-what-it-takes-and-what-it.html","title":"Parama Weera: What it takes, and what it means"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-DexU1W5FFbo\/T8RBkwsybnI\/AAAAAAAAMB4\/Z9g6iSGaOno\/s72-c\/sri-lanka-army-with-civilians.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468613367801394261.post-7340935375185419440"},"published":{"$t":"2012-05-28T08:17:00.001+05:30"},"updated":{"$t":"2012-05-28T08:17:24.698+05:30"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"feature"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"History of Wars"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"LTTE"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Pearl Thevanayagam"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"srilanka"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Won war on terror"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"color: #0c343d; font-family: Times,\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003Efailed miserably on hunger relief\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: red; color: red;\"\u003E|\u003C\/span\u003E by Pearl Thevanayagam\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E(May 28, 2012, London, Sri Lanka Guardian) \u003C\/b\u003E'\u003Ci\u003EKodithu kodithu varumai kodithu; athilum kodithu ilamayil varumai\u003C\/i\u003E'. This Tamil saying translated spells, 'poverty is cruel but worse still is to be poor when young'. The following incident touched me deep within that I felt my own problems paled into insignificance.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EJust before I left for the UK many years ago I decided to treat my Colombo neighbours who were very kind to me during a period of emotionally trying time to a holiday in Bandarawela. One of them was my neighbour's daughter whose husband had abandoned her along with her four year old girl. Unfortunately the government has no provisions for these single mothers such as allowance or housing as they do in the West. They become totally dependent on their family or relatives.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ctable cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/2012\/05\/won-war-on-terror.html\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"265\" src=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-80O6RGq81j8\/T5iribMYxLI\/AAAAAAAALSA\/I4vcomvKfWY\/s400\/lbro76.jpg\" width=\"400\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"background-color: #0c343d; color: white; font-family: Times,\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNoSpacing\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: small;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003E\u003Cb\u003EThese are not isolated tragedies. These happen on a regular\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNoSpacing\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: small;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u0026nbsp;basis. Economists are screaming that the country is heavily\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNoSpacing\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: small;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u0026nbsp;in debt to IMF and World Bank till they are blue in the faces. \u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNoSpacing\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: small;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003E\u003Cb\u003EIronically banks will not lend the middle classes and the poor\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"MsoNoSpacing\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: small;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u0026nbsp;credit since they are liabilities.\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThis neighbour was not particularly well off since she had to look after her own two other sons as well as her poor siblings who were constantly at her house draining her husband's remittance from the Middle East. I poured a glass of fresh milk for this child and just when I thought she was drinking it I turned round to see the mother gulping it down. This disturbed me somewhat badly. How could a mother deprive her own kid a glass of milk for Pete's sake? This is middle class poverty.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EIt was the Malaysian economist and journalist Martin Khor who first declared at the World Affairs Council summit in Monterey California in 1993 that 80 percent of the world's resources are consumed by just 20 percent of the population. He received a three minute standing ovation.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003ERegional news of a student committing suicide because his parents could not afford to provide him with necessities, mother and child jumping into the river since there was no money for food and a father shot dead and son critically wounded all because they stole some cashew fruits should make front page news. War widows are selling their bodies to feed their families and not for luxuries or sexual gratification. CNN and BBC should be despatching their news crews email-haste and WFP (World Food Program) flying in emergency supplies.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThese are not isolated tragedies. These happen on a regular basis. Economists are screaming that the country is heavily in debt to IMF and World Bank till they are blue in the faces. Ironically banks will not lend the middle classes and the poor credit since they are liabilities. One is not talking about Sudan, Somalia or Ethiopia. These tragedies are occurring in Asia's emerging economic miracle which is Sri Lanka!  If only one could raise the people's  President Premadasa from the dead.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EIn the '80s he turned Peliyagoda rubbish dump and its surrounding hovels into liveable accommodation for hundreds of families and provided them with electricity and running water for the first time. He kept his promise of one million houses for the homeless. He gave free meals and milk for every child. His poverty alleviation program, Janasaviya, provided the poorest of the poor with some dignity and wherewithal to start a livelihood. In short people did not starve under his presidency and he shared the wealth of the nation with the common masses.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThere is only so much the hungry masses would tolerate.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003ECharles Dickens and John Steinbeck were practising journalists before they embarked on writing novels depicting the cold, cruel and hungry world of lesser mortals let down by the system in their days which while professing and upholding the highest moral standards failed to see through the predicament of these wretched human beings left to rot for want of the plain and meagre necessities of life.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EDickens  lived in the 19th century Victorian England when orphans born out of wedlock were incarcerated in work-houses run at state expense but the beadles who administered them like the character Mr Bumble in Oliver Twist made sure these work-house children got just enough to barely scrape through and no more. But his writings along with that of dissident Christian Socialist Reformist author Charles Kingsley of Water Babies fame brought about radical changes in the system and as a result of their campaigning Britain now provides for each and every one of its citizens with adequate housing, healthcare and benefits.     \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003ETheir novels did make a change in the UK and US in that slavery was mitigated and governments took responsibility for these unfortunates and transformed work-house conditions to state responsibility.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003ESteinbeck lived through the 1930's depression and California's laws made indentured labourers poorer not unlike our plantation Tamils who suffered and continue to live in penury thanks to the British who denied them education beyond Grade five so that child labour could be beneficial to their interests in tea plantation. Steinbeck's novels Cannery Row, Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men speak volume for capitalism cloaked in democracy.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThe plantation workers brought down from South India with the promise of dried fish and fresh fish as they disembarked from Talaimannar were in fact marched through snake infested jungles barefoot to the hills. And to this day they remain mostly stateless, working timelessly for plantation owners and lilving in the same hovels aas they did during the British Raj.. The Jaffna Tamils should bear the most brunt of the plight of plantation workers who enslaved them far worse than the British colonials.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EBut no more would the suffering masses take it lying down. Lipton Circus demonstrations and trade union uprising would sound the death knell for the current regime. God forbid for when this happens Arab Spring would seem like a tea party.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"background-color: #93c47d; text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"background-color: #93c47d; text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003EThe writer is Asia Pacific Journalism Fellow at UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism, California and a print journalist for 22 years. She can be reached at \u003Ca href=\"mailto:pearltheva@hotmail.com\"\u003Epearltheva@hotmail.com\u003C\/a\u003E)\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"background-color: #93c47d; text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\u003Cscript type=\"text\/javascript\"\u003E\n\u003C!--\ngoogle_ad_client = \"pub-0219040124010769\";\n\/* 468x60, created 9\/16\/10 *\/\ngoogle_ad_slot = \"2857939967\";\ngoogle_ad_width = 468;\ngoogle_ad_height = 60;\n\/\/--\u003E\n\u003C\/script\u003E \u003Cscript src=\"http:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/show_ads.js\" type=\"text\/javascript\"\u003E\n\u003C\/script\u003E  \u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style \"\u003E\u003Ca class=\"addthis_button_facebook_like\" fb:like:layout=\"button_count\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/post-create.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\"\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E \u003Ca class=\"addthis_button_tweet\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/post-create.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\"\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E \u003Ca class=\"addthis_button_google_plusone\" g:plusone:size=\"medium\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/post-create.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\"\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E \u003Ca class=\"addthis_counter addthis_pill_style\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/post-create.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\"\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cscript src=\"http:\/\/s7.addthis.com\/js\/250\/addthis_widget.js#pubid=xa-4e7b34cc1b94bddd\" type=\"text\/javascript\"\u003E\n\u003C\/script\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/feeds\/7340935375185419440\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/comment.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\u0026postID=7340935375185419440\u0026isPopup=true","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2468613367801394261\/posts\/default\/7340935375185419440"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2468613367801394261\/posts\/default\/7340935375185419440"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/2012\/05\/won-war-on-terror.html","title":"Won war on terror"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-80O6RGq81j8\/T5iribMYxLI\/AAAAAAAALSA\/I4vcomvKfWY\/s72-c\/lbro76.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468613367801394261.post-953973487587979701"},"published":{"$t":"2012-05-21T20:59:00.001+05:30"},"updated":{"$t":"2012-05-21T20:59:48.773+05:30"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"feature"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"History of Wars"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"LTTE"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"NirmanushanBalasundaram"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Social"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Mu'l'livaaykkaal: The slaughter unheard and unpunished"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: red; color: red;\"\u003E|\u003C\/span\u003E by Nirmanushan Balasundaram\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003EListen to what they did. Don’t listen to what they said.\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003EWhat was written in blood has been set up in lead.\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003ELead tears the heart. Lead tears the brain.\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003EWhat was written in blood has been set up in lead.\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003EThe heart is a drum. The drum has a snare.\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003EThe snare is in the blood. The blood is in the air.\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003EListen to what they did. Listen to what’s to come.\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003EListen to the blood. Listen to the drum. -\u003Cb\u003E James Fenton\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E( May 21, 2012, Melbourne, Sri Lanka Guardian)\u003C\/b\u003E Mu’l'livaaykkaal, is the soil, where the worst crimes and massive human catastrophes of this century have been carried out against the Tamil people by the Sri Lankan regime. Criminal goals of ethnically cleansing as many Tamils by orchestrating the slaughter of at-least 40,000 unarmed Tamils in Mullivaaykaal during the finals day of the war. The denial of food and medicine prior to the final assault was intentionally and strategically coordinated by the regime.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/2012\/05\/mullivaaykkaal-slaughter-unheard-and.html\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-5YCJ8H5ZlxI\/T7pfH4r2PRI\/AAAAAAAAL4w\/6EL0K7VhokA\/s1600\/MV.jpg\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003EIt is tragic and unfortunate that powerful actors in the international community could not prevent or stop the slaughter of Tamil civilians through any means.  During the Mullivaaykaal slaughter, the solemn cries of the Tamil civilians were unheard. Now, three years remembrance of this immense tragedy marks, but there are no credible and constructive mechanisms to take forward and bring the perpetrators to justice. The worst crimes of the present century remain unpunished. “The international community cannot wait while the Sri Lankan government makes empty promises amid smoke and mirrors. It must establish an independent international investigation immediately. Only then will victims have a real chance at realizing their right to truth, justice and reparations,” Frank Jannuzi, the head of the rights group’s Washington office, said in a statement.[1]\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EEven one year after the UN Secretary General’s Panel of Experts released a report on accountability in Sri Lanka, the regime in Sri Lanka is blocking any adequate measures that seek justice for the war victims. “The real “tragedy” has been the reluctance of law enforcement authorities and state institutions to confront “this horrible crime, even when some leads are available”. [2]The regime continues to engage in terrible violent activities against the Tamil nation and is diverting the mounting pressure through dreadful and deceitful developments and so call reconciliation projects.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003ENo country or conscience person in the world would dare to erase history or limit the practice of a unique culture. Denying the right and sovereignty of a nation does not constitute development or reconciliation. Sinhalization and militarization by the Sri Lankan occupying forces of traditional Tamil homeland is a swift move, while victimization of the Tamil people continues. A progressive Sinhala academic told me in a personal conversation, “It is neither a post-conflict or post-war situation, because the war against Tamil people is continuing through other means.”  It is very true, even though the direct war on Tamils came to an end, still the intention to paralyze the Tamil nation is vigorously enduring. This can be seen through the government’s backed extension process of Sinhalization and militarization throughout the Tamil nation.  The government that successfully ended the war is highly favorable toward the ethnic majority group, the Sinhalese; and second, many in the Tamil community remain recalcitrant about the prospect of submitting to Sinhala majority rule.[3]\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003EReconciliation Myth\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EOn one hand, until now there is no fear-free space for the vanquished Tamil people to commemorate the loss of their kith and kin. Even, on the occasion of commemorating the Mu’l'livaaykkaal Remembrance Day, Secretary of Jaffna University Student Union was brutally attacked in highly guarded military area, which located very near to the Jaffna university. On the other hand, the government is celebrating its ‘victory day’ for the third consecutive year.  It is impossible to think about genuine reconciliation, while the triumphant Sinhalese majority move in one direction and the victimization of the Tamil community move in another. “Until the facts are addressed there can be no reconciliation. Repressing and denying is a recipe for more violence.”[4]\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003ENot only expressions or actions, but also the atmosphere is not even conducive to think freely. At this juncture, it is hard to believe any possibilities for genuine reconciliation. The actors who are concerned about reconciliation in Sri Lanka should understand that reconciliation is not cargo cult science.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThe so called Lesson Learnt and Reconciliation Commission – LLRC is a new form of hoodwinking designed by the regime to reduce the pressure on an international independent investigation into war crimes and crimes against humanity.  Anyone who understands the developments of the past political commissions of Sri Lanka evidently know that any domestic mechanisms cannot deliver justice to war victims. The first U.S. ambassador-at-large for war crimes issues, Prof. David Scheffer wrote in his book, “If the tribunals’ work had been left to domestic courts, particularly in devastated societies, there simply would not have been any justice at all.[5] Impunity never ends in Sri Lanka as long as culprits have immunity in foreign soils. Therefore, the countries concerned with ending impunity in Sri Lanka and who seek to bring the perpetrators to justice should seriously consider the immunity that is exercised by Sri Lankan war criminals in their respective countries. Justice is imperative for genuine reconciliation.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003EDevelopment lies\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EDevelopment is another tool that is being used by the regime to hide the atrocities that they committed. The government depiction is contradicting the reality of the Tamils homeland. Development is being used as a strategic tool to implement Sinhalization and militarization projects in the Tamil homeland. On the one hand, the present regime appointed their war criminals to diplomatic missions. On the other hand, they appoint war criminals and retired army commanders as Govereners in Tamil homeland. Also, they appoint Sinhala nationals as Government Agents [GA] and Divisional Secretaries in predominantly Tamil speaking areas. It is a strategy to take forward Sinhalization and militarization projects without major challenges.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThe military’s increasing control of administrative decisions in the north and east, including distribution and use of land, has turned the issue of land ownership into a deeply politicized and ethnically-charged one. Administrative and developmental decisions in north-east Sri Lanka are frequently taken by the military in consultation with the Presidential Task Force for Resettlement, Development and Security (PTF) and the military is involved in various committees set up in a September 2011 government policy regarding land in the northeast. Furthermore, the military continues to impose restrictions on humanitarian, developmental and psychiatric social work, accentuating existing resentments and impeding quick recovery. The presence of large numbers of army personnel, particularly in the north, has increased the vulnerability of women to violence and other forms of abuse.[6]\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThe regime is very keen to build roads as opposed to houses for civilians, whose homes were destroyed during the war. The intention of building roads is to speed up and facilitate Sinhalization and militarization. An example is the decreased focus on A 9 highway, which is essential to the Tamil people in the north. It was also known as the road of peace during the ‘peace processes. Furthermore, at-least 52 intelligence gathering points of occupying forces are operating under the banner of Military Welfare Canteens or as small business shops between Omanthai and Mirusuvil in the A 9 highway.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003ENotably, the regime’s development might be right from their point of view as Sinhalese from the South are earning profits and benefiting enormously from the Northeast. However, this development is not helping the Tamils. Though, it called as developments for the Northeast, where are Tamil speaking people are living widely.  In practice, this strategy is all about absorbing Tamil resources.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EIn conclusion, in the short term the Tamil people want normalcy, where they can fulfill their basic and humanitarian needs. In long term, they want to freely exercise their political aspiration. More importantly, the war victims want justice. However, there are serious attempts taken forward by the regime to deny justice in various patterns, namely development and reconciliation. Contemporary history has recorded the slaughter of Tamils, unheard of at the time, when deaths toll were high, and it must not record the punishments as well. Making a appropriate move to deliver justice to the war victims in the island nations of Sri Lanka can be a paradigm shift of the international justice system of the present century.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E[1] http:\/\/www.amnestyusa.org\/news\/press-releases\/amnesty-international-calls-on-secretary-clinton-to-seek-direct-answers-and-push-sri-lanka-s-foreign\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E[2] http:\/\/www.irinnews.org\/Report\/95477\/SRI-LANKA-Thousands-missing-three-years-after-war-ends\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E[3] http:\/\/www.thehumanrightsblog.com\/?p=1248\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E[4] Mr. Callum Macrae, Director of ‘Sri Lanka’s Killing Fields’.  http:\/\/www.tamilguardian.com\/article.asp?articleid=4837\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E[5] David Schffer, All the Missing Souls – A Personal History of the War Crimes Tribunals, Pg.2, Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford, 2012.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E[6] Chatham House, Asia Programme Paper ASP PP 2011\/05, Sri Lanka: Prospects for Reform and Reconciliation, Charu Lata Hogg, October 2011.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\u003Cscript type=\"text\/javascript\"\u003E\n\u003C!--\ngoogle_ad_client = \"pub-0219040124010769\";\n\/* 468x60, created 9\/16\/10 *\/\ngoogle_ad_slot = \"2857939967\";\ngoogle_ad_width = 468;\ngoogle_ad_height = 60;\n\/\/--\u003E\n\u003C\/script\u003E \u003Cscript src=\"http:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/show_ads.js\" type=\"text\/javascript\"\u003E\n\u003C\/script\u003E  \u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style \"\u003E\u003Ca class=\"addthis_button_facebook_like\" fb:like:layout=\"button_count\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/post-create.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\"\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E \u003Ca class=\"addthis_button_tweet\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/post-create.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\"\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E \u003Ca class=\"addthis_button_google_plusone\" g:plusone:size=\"medium\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/post-create.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\"\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E \u003Ca class=\"addthis_counter addthis_pill_style\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/post-create.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\"\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cscript src=\"http:\/\/s7.addthis.com\/js\/250\/addthis_widget.js#pubid=xa-4e7b34cc1b94bddd\" type=\"text\/javascript\"\u003E\n\u003C\/script\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/feeds\/953973487587979701\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/comment.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\u0026postID=953973487587979701\u0026isPopup=true","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2468613367801394261\/posts\/default\/953973487587979701"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2468613367801394261\/posts\/default\/953973487587979701"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/2012\/05\/mullivaaykkaal-slaughter-unheard-and.html","title":"Mu'l'livaaykkaal: The slaughter unheard and unpunished"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-5YCJ8H5ZlxI\/T7pfH4r2PRI\/AAAAAAAAL4w\/6EL0K7VhokA\/s72-c\/MV.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2468613367801394261.post-1570691636214740784"},"published":{"$t":"2012-05-20T12:38:00.001+05:30"},"updated":{"$t":"2012-05-20T12:38:58.596+05:30"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"feature"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"History of Sri Lanka"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"History of Wars"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"LTTE"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"srilanka"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Tisaranee Gunasekara"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"A Triumphal-march to a Mythical Past"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: red; color: red;\"\u003E|\u003C\/span\u003E by Tisaranee Gunasekara\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003E“…for a myth does not analyse or solve problems. It represents them as already analysed and solved…”\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ci\u003EEdward Said (Orientalism)\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E( May 20, 2012, Colombo, Sri Lanka Guardian)\u003C\/b\u003E In the collective memory of the Sinhala South, the past was a happy country, a place where all Lankans lived in amity and harmony.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EVellupillai Pirapaharan spoilt it all by igniting a war out of nothing.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThree years after the victorious ending of the Eelam War, Sri Lanka is busy returning to that mythical past.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/2012\/05\/triumphal-march-to-mythical-past.html\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"262\" src=\"http:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-GcyCcO2sIyA\/T7iYP7AUqdI\/AAAAAAAAL2U\/HeyC1VbzBTA\/s400\/srilanka-war.jpg\" width=\"400\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr style=\"color: #444444;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003ESri Lankans read through names of fallen soldiers on a memorial for  those who died in the decades-long conflict against the Tamil Tigers,  during National War Hero's Day in Colombo on May 19, 2012.- Getty Images \u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThe lessons a people learn from history depends on the history they remember and believe in. For many Sinhalese, 1956 was not when the Pandora’s Box was opened; it was a moment of liberation. Believing this, we see no need to ask ourselves why we clamoured for ‘Sinhala Only’, if our objective was to enhance our independence by ousting the language of the colonial-oppressor from its place of primacy.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThe ‘Sinhala Only’ demand was propelled by the power-hunger and opportunism of politicians. But it became hegemonic because a Sinhala majority did believe that Ceylon\/Lanka was a Sinhala-Buddhist country and that racial\/religious minorities were guests without inalienable rights. Sinhala failure to understand that Tamils too can feel passionately about their language and that no one likes to be a second class citizen in his\/her motherland exacerbated matters.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E‘Sinhala Only’ sowed the first seeds of the long Eelam War. It also deprived many Sinhalese of an opportunity of learning an international language. Mired in parochialism, they became an easy prey for right and left extremisms. Now, more than 50 years later, the political legatees of 1956 are sending the crème de crème of the descendents of the Pancha Maha Balavegaya to military camps to learn English and table etiquette!\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EExtremism can be self-defeating and ludicrously so.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThe past we hasten to return to was a country which made its Tamils feel like undesirable-aliens. Some tried to fit in, some migrated and others protested, peacefully, democratically and legally. The Sinhala establishment, drunk on political triumphalism, responded with indifference, ridicule and violence.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EOur idealised past was the country which taught Tamils that peaceful methods do not work and convinced them to take up arms. And turned Vellupillai Pirapaharan from a boy who killed birds into a history-making leader.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EIf past was the happy country of our memory, the LTTE would not have come into being; and Mr. Pirapaharan would have ended his days as a smuggler (or some other social-misfit) unknown to history. \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EVellupillai Pirapaharan was a true child of the political culture of incomprehension and intolerance. He began with ‘Tamil Only’, thereby marginalising and antagonising the other component of the ‘Tamil speaking people’ the Muslims; instead of creating Tamil-Muslim unity, he opted for ethnic cleansing, presenting the embattled Lankan state with a valuable ally. He followed this with a ‘North First’ policy which led to an unprecedented schism in the Tiger monolith. He also launched murderous attacks on non\/anti-Tiger Tamils; the victims of his bloody drive for domination included the best minds and the most courageous fighters produced by his community.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EIf the LTTE did not resort to murdering political opponents, suicide bombing and child proscription, the Tiger would not have become a banned species in so many Western countries. If the LTTE did not kill Rajiv Gandhi, it would not have earned for itself the costly enmity of Delhi.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003ELike Sinhala Supremacists, pro-LTTE Tamils (especially of the Diaspora) dream of returning to their own version of a glorious past, when the Tiger reigned supreme. But for Tamils too, a retrogressive project will be a self-defeating one. The Tiger country may be a place littered with many triumphs, but its eventual end was on the shores of the Nandikadal lagoon.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThe past was not a good place, for any of us. If we return to it, we will find neither peace nor harmony; only mistrust, fear and renewed conflict.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003EA Sinhala Peace\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThree years ago, the triumvirate consisting of Mahinda and Gotabhaya Rajapaksa and General Sarath Fonseka led the Lankan Forces to an outstanding victory.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EEquating Tamil with Tigers was the premise on which the government fought the war. Equating Tamil with the LTTE is the basis on which it is building peace. So, almost 300,000 Tamils were incarcerated in open prisons, masquerading as welfare villages. So, the North and parts of the East are being run like de facto occupied territories.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EPerhaps nothing symbolises this iniquitous peace than the criminalising of mourning for the Tamil war-dead. Had that ban been limited to Mr. Pirpaharan and few other leading Tigers, it would have made political sense; but it is a universal prohibition and applies to all Tamils except those killed by the LTTE. Most civilian Tamils would have a family member or a friend one who belonged to the LTTE and, died in its service. Many civilian Tamils were also killed during the war. Imposing a universal ban on mourning the Tamil war-dead is an act of psychological cruelty and political inanity which cannot but obstruct reconciliation.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EIf the ethnic conflict had a casus belli, it was the imposition of Sinhala language on Tamils. According to TNA parliamentarian MA Sumanthiran, Tamil GAs are being transferred out of North\/East to be replaced by Sinhala nationals who do not know Tamil. For instance, the GA of Vavuniya has been transferred. \u003Ci\u003E“This follows the appointment of GA Mannar. We protested. We have consistently protested that the GA Trincomalee is a person who has no proficiency in Tamil….” (Colombo Telegraph – 14.5.2012).\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThe critical absence of a political solution plus petty-minded attempts to impose the majority language and religion on the minorities: the past is almost here. \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EThe 13th and the 17th Amendments were the most important progressive-democratic constitutional measures since Independence. The former was imposed on us by India while the latter was a home-grown measure. Today the 17th Amendment has been turned into a dead-letter by its anti-democratic antithesis, the 18th Amendment. The 13th Amendment is alive simply because of Rajapaksas fears about Indian\/Western reactions.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003ESo, grandstanding apart, home-grown solutions are non-starters. After all the Rajapaksas belong to the Sinhala supremacist camp which wrecked every attempt at a ‘home-grown solution’ from 1956 to 1987, thereby paving the way for the birth and predominance of the Tiger. The Tiger in turn help resurrect the Sinhala supremacist project by ensuring the victory of Mahinda Rajapaksa via its boycott of 2005 Presidential polls. The Rajapaksa determination to impose a Sinhala peace on the Tamils can cause a reactive-revival of Tamil extremism. By providing the Ruling Siblings with a handy enemy\/scapegoat, it will help the Dynastic Project.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003ELast week several state agencies announced, in rapid succession, the implementation of various pro-democratic measures. These were obviously aimed at the crucial Washington meeting between Lankan Foreign Minister and US Secretary of State. If Gen. Fonseka receives the presidential pardon he was denied repeatedly, that too will be in part due to the Rajapaksa need to pacify the Americans politically and, if possible, to win a counter-concession on Iranian oil purchases.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003EIn the absence of a broad Sinhala-Tamil-Muslim unity (which is pro-devolution\/democratic\/poor) in the oppositional space, is foreign pressure the only really-existing-impediment to our heedless march to a deadly past?\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E3\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\u003Cscript type=\"text\/javascript\"\u003E\n\u003C!--\ngoogle_ad_client = \"pub-0219040124010769\";\n\/* 468x60, created 9\/16\/10 *\/\ngoogle_ad_slot = \"2857939967\";\ngoogle_ad_width = 468;\ngoogle_ad_height = 60;\n\/\/--\u003E\n\u003C\/script\u003E \u003Cscript src=\"http:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/show_ads.js\" type=\"text\/javascript\"\u003E\n\u003C\/script\u003E  \u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style \"\u003E\u003Ca class=\"addthis_button_facebook_like\" fb:like:layout=\"button_count\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/post-create.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\"\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E \u003Ca class=\"addthis_button_tweet\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/post-create.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\"\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E \u003Ca class=\"addthis_button_google_plusone\" g:plusone:size=\"medium\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/post-create.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\"\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E \u003Ca class=\"addthis_counter addthis_pill_style\" href=\"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/post-create.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\"\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cscript src=\"http:\/\/s7.addthis.com\/js\/250\/addthis_widget.js#pubid=xa-4e7b34cc1b94bddd\" type=\"text\/javascript\"\u003E\n\u003C\/script\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/feeds\/1570691636214740784\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/comment.g?blogID=2468613367801394261\u0026postID=1570691636214740784\u0026isPopup=true","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2468613367801394261\/posts\/default\/1570691636214740784"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2468613367801394261\/posts\/default\/1570691636214740784"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.srilankaguardian.org\/2012\/05\/triumphal-march-to-mythical-past.html","title":"A Triumphal-march to a Mythical Past"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Unknown"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-GcyCcO2sIyA\/T7iYP7AUqdI\/AAAAAAAAL2U\/HeyC1VbzBTA\/s72-c\/srilanka-war.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}}]}});