Lex Esto And Tikkun Olam: Some Thoughts For The New Government

A key component of a democratic society is the active involvement of citizens in governance.

by Ruwantissa Abeyratne

Lex esto, the pillars stand,

Old stones on broken land.

Yet where the cracks of time appear,

Tikkun Olam whispers near.

Now that there are palpable signs of proactive and progressive initial measures being taken by the new government in  Sri Lanka, here are some thoughts.

The Latin phrase “lex esto,” meaning “let the law stand,” represents a fundamental idea in governance, suggesting that laws should be stable, serving as the pillars of justice, order, and societal cohesion. In any functional government, laws are indispensable, as they provide the necessary structure and enforce norms. However, in countries where corruption and incompetence have taken root, existing laws often become ineffective or are manipulated to maintain corrupt practices. When a new government takes charge with the intention of transforming such a broken system, it faces the dual challenge of upholding laws that support justice and societal welfare while introducing new legal frameworks to eliminate corruption and increase efficiency.

President Anura Kumara Dissanayake

Closely linked to this is the concept of Tikkun Olam, a Hebrew term, which translates to “repairing the world” or “healing the world.” Rooted in Jewish tradition, it encompasses the idea of improving the world through individual actions, social justice initiatives, and shared responsibility. It calls on both individuals and communities to work towards creating a more ethical, just, and compassionate society, emphasizing the importance of addressing inequalities and showing care for others.

Historically, in Jewish thought, Tikkun Olam was linked to religious, moral, and legal duties, particularly focused on following Jewish laws to “fix” the world. However, its meaning has since expanded into a universal call for justice and humanitarian work, extending beyond religious obligations to include a broader ethical and societal scope.

Today, Tikkun Olam drives social justice efforts, charitable initiatives, environmental sustainability, and other endeavors aimed at reducing suffering and promoting equality. Whether it is through advocating for human rights, supporting disadvantaged groups, or protecting the planet, it reflects the ongoing effort to create a fairer, more peaceful, and balanced world for everyone.

In light of this, the principle of lex esto offers guidance on how to balance the application of established laws with the need for new legislation aimed at reforming a dysfunctional system. This balance is crucial for creating a governance model that is just, transparent, and efficient. Though laws provide essential continuity, they must also be flexible enough to evolve in response to changing moral and social imperatives. This is particularly relevant when considering Tikkun Olam, which is  focused on repairing the world, which calls for the active pursuit of justice and restoration of a broken society.

The Rule of Law

The rule of law lies at the heart of any democracy, functioning as the primary tool through which justice is administered, disputes are resolved, and individual rights are upheld. When a new government rises to power, especially after a regime notorious for corruption and incompetence, it must prioritize reestablishing faith in the rule of law. This task begins by reaffirming the principle of lex esto, ensuring that the legal frameworks that promote justice, equality, and public welfare are respected and properly enforced.

A corrupt system does not necessarily reflect inadequacies in the laws themselves but, more often, failures in their application. Laws might be selectively enforced, ignored, or even weaponized. Therefore, a new government must identify which laws have been undermined and restore their integrity. This could involve strengthening judicial independence, eliminating officials complicit in corruption, and ensuring that laws are enforced without political influence.

To truly uphold lex esto in a corrupt system, the new government must focus on enforcing laws that had previously been disregarded or misused. These laws often include those that deal with transparency, public accountability, anti-corruption efforts, and the protection of human rights. For instance, many countries with corrupt systems already have anti-corruption laws in place, but their enforcement is often undermined by political interference. A newly established government must demonstrate its dedication to the rule of law by ensuring that these laws are applied consistently and effectively.

Part of this effort involves creating independent bodies like anti-corruption agencies and watchdog organizations with the power to investigate and prosecute officials, regardless of their status or political connections. Strengthening whistleblower protections is also critical, as it encourages individuals to expose corruption without fear of retribution. Additionally, ensuring transparency in public contracts by subjecting them to public scrutiny can help curb corruption, which frequently thrives in the opaque processes of large-scale government procurement.

In many corrupt systems, laws designed to protect vulnerable communities—such as those focused on human rights and social justice—are often ignored or undermined. A government serious about reform must recommit to enforcing these laws, ensuring they protect minorities, promote access to essential services like healthcare and education, and guarantee fair labor practices. This demonstrates the government’s commitment to justice not just for the elite but for all its citizens.

While lex esto emphasizes the importance of upholding existing laws, it is also essential to recognize that some laws may be outdated or insufficient, and in some cases, even complicit in maintaining corrupt practices. In such instances, the government must introduce new laws that reflect values such as transparency, accountability, and social justice.

Accountability

One of the most effective ways to prevent corruption and inefficiency is to embed accountability within the legal system. Public officials, including both elected representatives and civil servants, should be held accountable for their actions through laws that mandate regular financial disclosures, for instance. Such disclosures ensure transparency by helping to detect conflicts of interest. New laws could also impose term limits on elected officials to prevent the concentration of power and create a system that encourages fresh leadership and perspectives.

Regular audits of government agencies and officials should be made mandatory by law, with consequences for those found engaging in corrupt practices or underperforming in their duties. Similarly, the government should strengthen protections for whistleblowers and journalists. In corrupt systems, those who expose wrongdoing often face harassment, violence, or even death. New legislation could include anti-SLAPP (Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation) measures to protect individuals from being silenced by powerful entities. Whistleblower protections might also include mechanisms for anonymous reporting to protect those who might otherwise face retaliation.

My Take

A key component of a democratic society is the active involvement of citizens in governance. A new government should focus on laws that encourage citizen participation, offering mechanisms like referendums and initiatives that allow people to propose or repeal laws directly. This enhances the democratic process and gives citizens a more active role in shaping their government. Open data laws could also be implemented, requiring the government to publish detailed information about its activities, budgets, and decision-making processes in an accessible format. Such transparency allows civil society organizations and citizens to monitor government operations effectively.

In the effort to reform a corrupt and incompetent system, lex esto must be considered alongside the recognition that laws, though enduring, are not fixed. As societies evolve, so too must their legal systems, particularly when these systems have been compromised or fail to address new challenges. The Jewish principle of Tikkun Olam, meaning “repairing the world,” encourages the active pursuit of justice and the restoration of broken systems, including legal ones.

For a new government, embracing Tikkun Olam means recognizing when existing laws fail to serve the public good and taking steps to amend or replace them. This could involve revisiting colonial-era laws that may still exist in post-colonial states, perpetuating injustice or inequality. Reforming such laws to reflect modern values of dignity and equality is crucial. Additionally, new laws must address economic systems that disproportionately benefit the wealthy at the expense of the poor. Economic justice can be pursued by promoting fair wages and creating opportunities for all citizens to prosper.

While lex esto emphasizes stability, the legal system must also be dynamic, evolving to remain a tool for justice and fairness. Periodic reviews of laws should be mandated to ensure they still serve their intended purposes and are not being misused. The lawmaking process must also be inclusive, involving marginalized communities to ensure new laws reflect the needs and aspirations of all citizens.

Ultimately, lex esto serves as a guiding principle for a government seeking to transform a corrupt system, providing a foundation for order and justice. However, as this analysis shows, the principle must be balanced with the need for reform and adaptation, as well as the pursuit of justice through Tikkun Olam. By rigorously applying existing laws that promote transparency, accountability, and social justice while enacting new ones to address deficiencies, the new government can begin the process of transforming a broken system into one that serves the common good.

Dr. Abeyratne teaches aerospace law at McGill University. Among the numerous books he has published are Air Navigation Law (2012) and Aviation Safety Law and Regulation (to be published in 2023). He is a former Senior Legal Counsel at the International Civil Aviation Organization. 

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Sri Lanka’s Presidential Election: An Academic Reflection

Born into a humble family in the rural village of Thambuttegama in the Anuradhapura district, Dissanayake’s early life and political roots reflect his deep connection to Sri Lanka’s working class.

by Ruwantissa Abeyratne

“ I meant what I said and said what I meant.  An elephant is faithful one hundred percent.” ~ From Horton Hatches the Egg by Dr. Seuss

The Story of Sri Lanka Best Told

Horton Hatches the Egg is a classic children’s book by Dr. Seuss, first published in 1940. It tells the story of Horton the Elephant, who takes on the task of hatching an egg left by Mayzie, a lazy bird who abandons her responsibility to go on a long vacation. Despite numerous challenges, Horton remains committed to sitting on the egg until it finally hatches. The story carries a strong morale and lesson  about responsibility, loyalty, perseverance, and the value of keeping promises. The egg in the story symbolizes potential and innocence, while Mayzie represents irresponsibility and selfishness. In contrast, Horton stands as a symbol of moral integrity, compassion, and unwavering determination.

Anura Kumara Dissanayake, presidential candidate of opposition political party National People’s Power speaks to Associated Press in Colombo, Sri Lanka, Monday, Aug. 26, 2024. (AP Photo/Eranga Jayawardena)

Allegorically, Horton in this story could be a certain person by the name of Anura Kumara.  As for who Mayzie was, it can be anyone’s guess.

The Background

On 21 September the people of Sri Lanka went to the polls to elect its ninth executive president. The three main candidates were incumbent president Ranil Wickremasinghe; Sajith Premadasa; and Anura Kumara Dissanayake.   Dissanayake, the leader of the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) and its broader coalition, the National People’s Power (NPP), was elected as Sri Lanka’s president in a decisive election following the country’s devastating economic crisis. Securing nearly 42% of the popular vote, Dissanayake outpaced his nearest rival, Sajith Premadasa, who garnered only 23%, while the incumbent president, Ranil Wickremesinghe, trailed behind with just 16%. This election marks a significant political shift in Sri Lanka, where economic collapse, widespread corruption, and deep social divisions have left the nation in turmoil. Dissanayake’s rise to power, built on promises of economic reforms and social justice, comes at a time when the country urgently needs a leader capable of navigating these intertwined crises.

Born into a humble family in the rural village of Thambuttegama in the Anuradhapura district, Dissanayake’s early life and political roots reflect his deep connection to Sri Lanka’s working class. He was the first in his family to attend university, studying physical science at the University of Kelaniya after leaving the University of Peradeniya due to threats during the JVP’s 1987-1989 armed insurrection. He emerged as a key figure within the JVP, steadily rising through its ranks to lead the party by 2014. Dissanayake is known for his firm opposition to IMF-imposed austerity measures, advocating for renegotiations to reduce burdensome taxes and eliminate VAT on essential goods, while championing increased social welfare and reforms that support businesses. As president, he inherits a deeply fractured nation where addressing systemic corruption, alleviating the economic crisis, and bridging socio-political divisions will be paramount. It becomes immediately clear that in order to steer  Sri Lanka toward recovery, Dissanayake should prioritize transparent governance, foster national unity, and ensure sustainable economic reforms that prioritize the needs of the most vulnerable.

Some Academic Reminiscences

Throughout history, nations burdened by debt and marked by political division have often struggled to provide their citizens with essential services, including food, healthcare, and education. In such situations, prominent economists like John Kenneth Galbraith, Jeffrey Sachs, Paul Krugman, and others have developed strategies to assist these countries in recovering from their crises. These proposals, devised in response to various economic downturns, whether in developing or developed nations, typically revolve around achieving a balance between economic stabilization and social equity, reforming political institutions, and promoting sustainable long-term growth.

Galbraith, a leading Keynesian economist, argued that government intervention is crucial in addressing economic crises and inequality. Galbraith contended that the state has a fundamental responsibility to protect its citizens, especially in times of economic distress, as market forces alone cannot effectively allocate resources to meet the needs of the population, particularly the most vulnerable. In his opinion, countries that are unable to provide basic necessities must invest in public services such as education, healthcare, and social safety nets. He viewed these investments not only as a moral duty but also as an economic imperative, given that healthier and better-educated populations contribute more to long-term economic stability.

Galbraith advocated for progressive taxation, where wealthier individuals contribute more to the public good, to fund social programs and reduce inequality. Additionally, he proposed that governments reprioritize national spending by cutting back on non-essential areas, such as military expenditures, and redirecting resources toward social welfare. In nations facing political division, Galbraith emphasized the importance of building consensus and involving the public in economic decision-making. He believed that addressing the needs of the majority would allow governments to gain the legitimacy required to implement difficult reforms, an approach he promoted in his work with post-war European economies, where collaborative efforts between governments, labor groups, and industries helped achieve social welfare and political stability.

Jeffrey Sachs is widely recognized for advising countries transitioning from socialist to market economies in the 1990s, particularly in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. His approach, known as “shock therapy,” entailed rapid economic liberalization, including the deregulation of prices, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and integration into global markets. Sachs argued that countries weighed down by debt and inefficiency needed immediate, radical reforms to stabilize their economies. However, his legacy is contentious. While his strategy proved effective in Poland, critics claim that in other countries, such as Russia, it resulted in social upheaval, increased poverty, and the entrenchment of oligarchic structures.

In response to these criticisms, Sachs later adapted his views, particularly when advising countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. In his more recent work, Sachs has stressed the importance of poverty alleviation and sustainable development as the cornerstones of economic recovery. He argues that heavily indebted countries should focus on long-term investments in health, education, and infrastructure, which are essential for sustained growth. Sachs has been a strong proponent of debt relief for the world’s poorest nations, contending that insurmountable debt obligations hinder growth. He called for international cooperation to restructure or forgive unsustainable debt, enabling governments to reallocate funds toward essential services for their citizens. His advocacy contributed to initiatives like the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) program, which provided debt relief to numerous developing countries.

Sachs also emphasized the importance of improving governance and reducing corruption. He argued that political instability and corruption are significant contributors to both economic collapse and the inability of governments to provide basic services. Sachs maintained that transparency, adherence to the rule of law, and accountable governance are critical to ensuring that economic reforms benefit the broader population, rather than a select few.

Paul Krugman has been a vocal critic of austerity measures, which involve the reduction of government spending in an effort to balance budgets during economic downturns. According to Krugman, austerity exacerbates poverty and inequality by cutting essential services at a time when citizens are most vulnerable. Instead, he advocates for counter-cyclical spending, which calls for governments to increase spending during economic recessions to stimulate demand and provide relief to struggling citizens.

Krugman’s arguments became particularly relevant during the European debt crisis in the late 2000s and early 2010s. Countries such as Greece, Spain, and Portugal, which were deeply in debt, were compelled by international lenders to adopt stringent austerity measures as a precondition for receiving financial assistance. These policies resulted in widespread unemployment, significant reductions in healthcare and education spending, and substantial cuts to pensions and public-sector wages. Krugman contended that austerity was counterproductive, as it deepened the recession by reducing demand and exacerbating the very economic problems it sought to address.

In contrast, Krugman recommended that indebted countries focus on stimulating their economies through increased government spending on infrastructure projects and social welfare programs. This approach, he argued, would provide immediate relief to citizens while also fostering long-term productivity and job creation, ultimately allowing the economy to recover and reducing the need for future borrowing. Krugman also highlighted the importance of international organizations like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the European Central Bank in supporting struggling economies. He contended that these institutions should prioritize economic recovery over strict fiscal discipline.

Krugman further emphasized the need for protecting vulnerable populations in politically divided countries. He argued that social safety nets are not only ethical but also critical to economic recovery, as they help prevent social unrest and political instability. For countries facing both economic collapse and political division, Krugman advocated for inclusive economic policies that benefit the majority of the population, as opposed to austerity measures that disproportionately harm the poor and middle class.

My Take

Not being an economist or political scientist, and worse, having been away from  Sri Lanka, I can only theorize, and that too from an ivory tower.  For all I know, I could be dead wrong in my perceptions of Sri Lanka’s current situation. To add to that I have absolutely no idea of the President’s plans and visions for the country. For all purposes therefore, this piece could turn out to be a result of the Dunning-Kruger effect in me on this subject. But I am at the core a wordsmith, and I have to give below my reminiscences.

In addition to the contributions of Galbraith, Sachs, and Krugman, other influential economists have provided significant insights into how nations burdened by debt and political division can recover. Joseph Stiglitz has highlighted the critical role of equitable economic growth, pointing out that income inequality is a key driver of both economic instability and political discord. Stiglitz advocates for policies such as progressive taxation, increased funding for education and healthcare, and the enhancement of labor rights to ensure that economic gains are shared by the broader population rather than concentrated among the wealthy elite.

Amartya Sen, a Nobel laureate, has underscored the central importance of human development in economic recovery. He contends that supplying basic needs like food, healthcare, and education is not only an ethical obligation but also a fundamental catalyst for economic growth. Sen argues that nations should focus on investing in human capital, as a well-educated and healthy population forms the foundation for long-term prosperity. Moreover, he emphasizes the significance of democracy and political freedoms in fostering development, asserting that transparent and accountable governments are more capable of addressing economic challenges and safeguarding the well-being of their citizens.

Building on the perspectives of these esteemed economists, several key recommendations become apparent for nations struggling with debt, political strife, and the inability to provide basic necessities. First, governments should place a strong emphasis on social welfare and human development, ensuring that all citizens have access to vital services like healthcare, education, and basic amenities. Achieving this requires not only internal policy changes but also support from the international community, particularly through debt relief and foreign aid.

Second, governments should refrain from implementing austerity measures that disproportionately affect the poor and middle class. Instead, they should focus on counter-cyclical spending, investing in infrastructure, job creation, and social safety nets. These initiatives not only provide immediate relief but also help lay the groundwork for long-term economic growth and stability.

Third, enhancing governance and combating corruption is critical to ensuring that economic reforms benefit the broader population. Transparent and accountable institutions are necessary to prevent the concentration of wealth and power among a select few, a situation that often worsens both economic inequality and political unrest.

Lastly, international organizations like the IMF and World Bank should prioritize economic recovery and social equity over strict budgetary constraints. By offering debt relief, financial aid, and technical expertise, these organizations can assist countries in stabilizing their economies while safeguarding their most vulnerable citizens.

In summary, the insights provided by the prominent economists offer valuable guidance for countries facing economic turmoil and political fragmentation. By focusing on social welfare, avoiding detrimental austerity policies, improving governance, and fostering international collaboration, these nations can make strides toward recovery and create a more equitable future for their people.

I guess, so can  Sri Lanka.  It seems to have everything to gain.

Dr. Abeyratne teaches aerospace law at McGill University. Among the numerous books he has published are Air Navigation Law (2012) and Aviation Safety Law and Regulation (to be published in 2023). He is a former Senior Legal Counsel at the International Civil Aviation Organization.

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Future of Air Transport in the Age of Aquarius

Governments and airlines could collaborate to subsidize air travel for underserved populations, particularly in areas where access to transportation is limited.

by Ruwantissa Abeyratne

“When the moon is in the Seventh House

And Jupiter aligns with Mars

Then peace will guide the planets

And love will steer the stars

This is the dawning of the Age of Aquarius…” ~ Extracted from the song by 5th Dimension

To all intents and purposes, one might say that air transport is at an inflexion point.  One might even use the words “tipping point”. At the present time megatrends such as economic shifts from the West to the East; demographic trends; climate change; innovation in technology and artificial intelligence, all affect the traditional structure of air transport that existed until the advent of the Nineties.  This may well be the dawning of the Age of Aquarius.

[AI Generated illustration]

If this be so, as we enter the Age of Aquarius, marked by innovation, sustainability, equality, and decentralization, the economic framework of air transport must undergo substantial changes to align with these evolving values. To cite just one example, with the world shifting towards a more collective, technology-based, and environmentally conscious future, the air transport industry—currently considered a significant contributor to carbon emissions—needs to adapt to new environmental, social, and economic demands. This transformation will involve adopting new approaches centered on environmental responsibility, advanced technology, equitable access, and decentralization

What is the Age of Aquarius?

The Age of Aquarius is an idea rooted in astrology, representing a time frame linked to the zodiac sign Aquarius. Astrologically, an “age” spans roughly 2,150 years and is tied to the Earth’s axial precession, which gradually changes the location of the vernal equinox through the constellations.

While the precise beginning of the Age of Aquarius is uncertain, it is generally thought to mark a transition toward values linked to Aquarius, such as innovation, humanitarianism, technology, individual expression, and collective progress. Aquarius is often associated with ideals of equality, freedom, and breaking away from traditional systems.

The previous era, known as the Age of Pisces, emphasized themes like faith, spirituality, and sacrifice. Moving into the Age of Aquarius is viewed as a shift toward more intellectual and forward-thinking ideals. Some believe we are currently entering or already in this new age, while others suggest it could take several more centuries to fully arrive.

The Age of Aquarius represents a profound shift in global consciousness and the frameworks by which society operates. Though there is ongoing debate about when this era begins, it is widely seen as a movement away from the Age of Pisces, ushering in a new period defined by fresh values and forward-looking systems. Aquarius brings with it concepts like innovation, humanitarianism, individualism, technological advancement, and collective progress. These qualities hint at extensive transformations across political, economic, and social spheres. As the world transitions into this era, both political systems and economic structures will likely evolve to reflect the characteristics associated with Aquarius.

In astrological belief, every zodiac sign reflects certain ideals and tendencies. The Age of Pisces – which was the immediate predecessor of Aquarius – was marked by spirituality, faith, sacrifice, and hierarchical power structures, which gave rise to organized religion and centralized governance. Under Aquarius, however, we can expect a departure from those principles toward an emphasis on equality, autonomy, and decentralization.

A key aspect of this new age is likely the erosion of centralized power. Aquarius promotes individualism and collective governance, suggesting that future political systems will move toward decentralization, democratic engagement, and grassroots participation. Power may gradually shift from large, overarching institutions to regional or local levels, allowing communities to take on more responsibility. Technologies like blockchain, which decentralizes transactions and governance, embody the Aquarian ideal of freedom and self-governance. These innovations could play an increasingly significant role in reducing the power of traditional hierarchies, distributing authority more evenly among individuals and smaller entities.

Humanitarian values and social equality are also becoming more prominent. Aquarius aligns with ideals of justice and equity, pointing to a future where political ideologies centered on fairness gain ground. We can expect more policies focused on wealth redistribution, access to essential services, and the protection of basic human rights. This era may witness the rise of movements fighting for racial, gender, and economic equity, with governments adopting policies that address these issues more comprehensively.

Technology, another hallmark of Aquarius, is already having  a growing role in governance. As advancements in artificial intelligence and data analytics accelerate, political systems will increasingly rely on these tools to enhance transparency, improve public services, and create more efficient decision-making processes. Digital governance and AI-driven policies could help make politics more inclusive, allowing for greater citizen participation in the democratic process.

The economic landscape is also set for dramatic shifts as the Age of Aquarius unfolds. Traditional models that have prioritized competition and wealth accumulation may give way to more cooperative, community-based systems. In the future, we might see an increased focus on collective ownership, profit-sharing, and businesses that operate with a social or environmental mission. This reflects the Aquarian ideal of collaboration and mutual benefit, rather than individualistic, profit-driven capitalism.

The gig economy, a more flexible form of employment, is one example of how economic structures are already evolving. However, critiques of its exploitative aspects may prompt reforms that prioritize workers’ rights. Concepts like profit-sharing and co-ownership, in which workers benefit directly from the success of the companies they work for, could gain more traction in the Age of Aquarius, encouraging a fairer distribution of wealth and resources.

Another potential development is the growing consideration of Universal Basic Income (UBI), which fits well within the egalitarian ideals of Aquarius. With technology reducing the demand for human labor in many industries, UBI could provide a solution to the growing disparity between the employed and those left out of the labor market. Offering all individuals a guaranteed income could help ensure economic stability and provide access to basic necessities, independent of one’s employment status.

Aquarius also emphasizes sustainability and innovation, meaning economic practices that prioritize environmental responsibility will become increasingly important. As awareness of climate change and the need for sustainable development grows, countries and corporations will likely shift their focus to green technologies, renewable energy, and circular economies. In this era, industries that seek to balance profit with environmental stewardship will come to the forefront, aligning with the Aquarian goal of protecting the planet while promoting progress.

Beyond politics and economics, the Age of Aquarius promises sweeping changes in cultural and social systems as well. Education, for instance, is expected to become more adaptive, with a focus on lifelong learning and individualized instruction. Traditional education models that emphasize uniformity and rote learning may be replaced by more flexible, creative approaches that allow students to guide their learning experiences and respond to a rapidly changing job market. The rising importance of fields like science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) will likely dominate, along with skills that foster creativity and emotional intelligence.

On a broader cultural level, the values of individuality and self-expression will play a more prominent role. Society is likely to become increasingly accepting of diverse identities and lifestyles, embracing a wider range of personal freedoms. Traditional roles and expectations, especially related to gender and sexuality, will continue to evolve as social norms become more fluid and inclusive. Cultural movements advocating for greater inclusion and the celebration of personal uniqueness will find even greater resonance, shaping the art, music, and social discourse of the age.

However, the Age of Aquarius does not come without challenges. Rapid technological advancements, if not managed carefully, could deepen social inequalities if access to new technologies and education remains uneven. Additionally, decentralizing power may bring its own difficulties, leading to fragmentation or instability if not accompanied by systems that ensure fairness and cohesion. Balancing the individual freedoms promoted by Aquarius with collective responsibilities will require thoughtful governance and ethical oversight.

The Age of Aquarius promises a time of significant transformation across global systems. As the world aligns with values of innovation, equity, and humanitarianism, both political structures and economic models will need to adapt. Decentralization of governance, more equitable economies, and sustainable practices will likely define this era. However, with these opportunities also come challenges that must be addressed to ensure a balanced and just transition. The Age of Aquarius holds the potential for a more inclusive, innovative, and sustainable future, but it will require conscious effort from humanity to realize this vision.

My Take

As already mentioned, a core principle in this new era is environmental sustainability. As climate change becomes a more pressing issue, and the harmful effects of global warming are increasingly evident, the air transport industry must significantly reduce its environmental impact. Given its role as a major emitter of carbon, the sector must place sustainability at the forefront of its economic considerations, ensuring that environmental health is not sacrificed for growth.

The shift towards alternative fuels, such as biofuels, hydrogen, or electric-powered planes, is critical in reducing the industry’s carbon footprint. Collaboration among governments, businesses, and the aviation sector will be necessary to fund research and accelerate the transition away from fossil fuels. Economic models will need to incentivize these investments through mechanisms like subsidies and tax incentives, encouraging the development of green aviation technologies.

In addition, carbon pricing strategies such as carbon taxes or cap-and-trade systems will be essential for integrating the true environmental costs of air travel into the economy. By incorporating these costs, airlines will be pushed to adopt more efficient technologies, optimize flight routes, and operate more sustainably. As we progress into the Age of Aquarius, the air transport industry will need to account for the full environmental impact of its operations to ensure that sustainability drives decision-making.

This era is also associated with rapid advancements in technology, and the air transport industry stands to benefit greatly from innovations in artificial intelligence, automation, and robotics. These technologies have the potential to make air travel more efficient, safer, and cost-effective. For instance, automation in air traffic control can reduce congestion in busy airspaces, improving fuel efficiency and minimizing delays. Predictive maintenance, driven by AI, can help airlines lower costs and improve safety by addressing potential technical issues before they escalate.

Moreover, innovations like electric or hybrid-electric aircraft will transform the cost structure of the industry, reducing operational costs while also lowering emissions. The integration of new technologies will extend to passenger experiences as well, with AI-driven systems enhancing security, personalizing services, and streamlining digital check-ins. Embracing such innovations will be essential for the air transport industry to remain competitive in this new age, where technology underpins economic progress.

Equality and inclusivity are key values in the Age of Aquarius, and air transport economics must reflect a commitment to making air travel accessible to people across different economic backgrounds. Historically seen as a privilege for wealthier individuals, air travel should be democratized through lower costs and more inclusive pricing structures. This might include tiered pricing models that offer affordable options for lower-income travelers, without compromising safety or quality.

Governments and airlines could collaborate to subsidize air travel for underserved populations, particularly in areas where access to transportation is limited. Expanding access to air travel for all socioeconomic groups aligns with the egalitarian spirit of this age. Additionally, the air transport industry must strive to ensure equity within its workforce by fostering diverse, inclusive environments that provide equal pay, benefits, and opportunities.

The decentralized focus of the Age of Aquarius suggests that air transport should move away from the centralized hub-and-spoke model that concentrates global travel in a few major airports. Instead, a more decentralized system of smaller, regional airports could help distribute economic benefits more widely and lessen the environmental burden of large, congested airport hubs. Such a system would also empower local communities by providing increased access to air travel, stimulating regional economic growth.

Urban air mobility solutions, such as electric vertical take-off and landing vehicles (eVTOL), will also contribute to decentralization by offering efficient travel options for short distances while reducing traffic in city centers. A decentralized air transport network would not only improve efficiency but also enhance resilience in the face of global disruptions, such as pandemics or geopolitical challenges, allowing for more adaptable operations.

Another hallmark of the Age of Aquarius is a shift from competitive, profit-driven models to more collaborative, shared economic systems. In air transport, this could take the form of increased cooperation between airlines, governments, and other stakeholders to create a more sustainable and equitable industry. Airlines might explore cooperative business models, such as shared ownership of aircraft or pooling resources for research into sustainable fuels.

SICollaboration could also extend to sharing infrastructure, reducing redundancies, and lowering costs for airlines, ultimately making air travel more affordable for consumers. Peer-to-peer aircraft sharing could become more common, similar to how ridesharing has transformed ground transportation. This model would offer more personalized and flexible travel options, reflecting the broader societal shift toward cooperation and shared economies.

Decentralized air transport networks can spur economic development in underserved regions and reduce pressure on major hubs, improving resilience and adaptability. Collaborative and shared economic models will further enhance innovation and efficiency. In this new age, air transport economics will need to strike a balance between growth, environmental responsibility, and social equity to ensure a sustainable and inclusive future for global travel.

As we move into the Age of Aquarius, air transport economics must evolve to prioritize sustainability, innovation, equality, and decentralization. The industry must embrace greener practices by investing in sustainable technologies and adopting mechanisms that account for environmental impacts. Technological advancements will drive greater efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness, while access to air travel must be made more inclusive.

Dr. Abeyratne teaches aerospace law at McGill University. Among the numerous books he has published are Air Navigation Law (2012) and Aviation Safety Law and Regulation (to be published in 2023). He is a former Senior Legal Counsel at the International Civil Aviation Organization.

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The Tragedy of Our Times: Can Ancient Classics Teach Us Something?

Greek tragedies and Shakespearean plays offer profound insights into the nature of warfare and its destructive consequences.

by Ruwantissa Abeyratne

So shall you hear

Of carnal, bloody and unnatural acts

Of accidental judgments

Of deaths put on by cunning and forced cause

And, in this upshot, purposes mistook

Fall’n on th’ inventors’ heads ~ William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark Act 5 Scene 2

Robert D. Kaplan, in his brilliant and well researched book The Tragic Mind: Fear, Fate, and the Burden of Power  says: “ And anyone looking at the current international environment cannot but comply with the Greeks’ fear of chaos, and admit to the attendant human proclivity for destructiveness”.  While reading this book over the weekend, I was struck by BBC’s Hard Talk , where a Palestinian photo journalist – Motaz Aziza-  recounted in the most heartrending and horrific terms the carnage and abject suffering of the people in Gaza. Kaplan recalls in his book, how the Norwegian crown prince Fortinbras “surveying the heap of bodies in the end of Hamlet, notes the havoc that the royal court of Denmark has wrought on itself”. 

Image inspired by Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Hamlet. [Created by DALL-E]

The exploration of tragedy in literature offers deep revelations about human conflict, whether personal or collective. Greek tragedies and the plays of Shakespeare provide enduring reflections on the repercussions of war, the essence of power, and the inescapable nature of destruction. By analyzing these works, one can extract significant lessons pertinent to contemporary warfare and its consequences.

Greek tragedies, with their intense focus on human suffering and the role of fate, present a sobering portrayal of the nature of conflict. Works such as Sophocles’ Ajax and Euripides’ The Bacchae serve as illustrative examples of how the devastation wrought by war transcends the battlefield, infiltrating both personal experiences and divine domains.

In Ajax, Sophocles examines the aftermath of the Trojan War through the lens of Ajax, a formidable Greek hero. Ajax’s descent into madness and eventual suicide poignantly reflects the profound psychological wounds inflicted by warfare. His tragic demise underscores the theme that the perceived glory of war is frequently overshadowed by its severe impact on individuals. Ajax’s internal struggle with notions of honor and betrayal highlights the internal discord stemming from the brutality of combat, echoing the idea that the celebrated heroism of war often culminates in significant personal anguish and disillusionment.

Euripides’ The Bacchae offers a different perspective on the destructive potential of conflict, though it diverges from traditional battlefield warfare. The play delves into the chaos unleashed by divine retribution and human folly. Dionysus, the god of wine and revelry, seeks vengeance upon Thebes through a frenzied cult, leading to widespread chaos and devastation. This play illustrates how the disintegration of societal norms and the eruption of primal forces can result in catastrophic outcomes, paralleling the collateral damage seen in modern warfare when societies are destabilized.

Shakespeare’s tragedies often grapple with themes of power, ambition, and their ruinous effects, reflecting the multifaceted nature of human conflict. Works like Macbeth and Hamlet delve into both personal and political dimensions of tragedy, offering insights into how unchecked ambition and moral corruption can lead to downfall.

In Macbeth, Shakespeare explores the corrupting influence of unchecked ambition and the consequences of regicide. Macbeth’s pursuit of power, ignited by the witches’ prophecies, culminates in a bloody reign characterized by paranoia and further violence. The play vividly portrays the cyclical destruction that follows from initial acts of war and murder. Macbeth’s eventual ruin demonstrates how the quest for power can escalate into broader calamities, causing widespread suffering and chaos. This mirrors contemporary realities, where the drive for political dominance often leads to prolonged conflict and societal fragmentation.

Hamlet addresses the theme of revenge and its destructive aftermath. The central conflict revolves around Hamlet’s quest to avenge his father’s murder, a pursuit that ultimately results in his own downfall and collateral damage within the royal family. Shakespeare portrays the personal costs of vengeance and the ensuing moral decay, drawing a parallel to how personal and political vendettas can exacerbate and perpetuate conflict. The play serves as a cautionary narrative about the destructive nature of revenge and the impact of unresolved grievances, reflecting the protracted nature of many modern conflicts.

The themes explored in Greek and Shakespearean tragedies remain strikingly relevant to modern warfare. The psychological toll of war, as depicted in Ajax, resonates with the experiences of contemporary soldiers and veterans who face trauma and mental health challenges. The exploration of honor, madness, and despair in the play remains pertinent in discussions about the long-term effects of combat.

Similarly, the destructive impact of ambition and power struggles depicted in Macbeth and Hamlet can be observed in today’s geopolitical conflicts. The relentless pursuit of dominance and revenge continues to fuel international strife, with devastating consequences for societies. The cyclical nature of violence and moral corruption illustrated in these plays mirror the complex and often intractable nature of modern conflicts, where power struggles and unresolved issues perpetuate destruction.

My Take

Greek tragedies and Shakespearean plays offer profound insights into the nature of warfare and its destructive consequences. By examining these works, one gains a deeper understanding of how conflict and ambition lead to suffering and chaos. The enduring relevance of these themes underscores the importance of reflecting on the past to better navigate the challenges of modern warfare and to strive for a more peaceful world.

This concept has also percolated to more recent times, Martha Nussbaum, a distinguished philosopher, has contended that delving into classical literature cultivates empathy and moral introspection. In her book Not For Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities, she argues that classical texts, with their profound exploration of human emotions and ethical dilemmas, deepen our comprehension of the complexities inherent in human behavior and conflict. Engaging with these works allows individuals to grasp the nature of power and its potential for misuse, offering valuable insights that can aid in devising strategies to avert war.

Paul Cartledge, a renowned scholar of ancient Greece, has investigated how classical writings can shape contemporary political thought. In his study Ancient Greece: A History in Eleven Cities, he examines how the political and ethical lessons from ancient Greece are relevant to modern issues, including conflict resolution. Cartledge’s analysis implies that by understanding both the failures and successes of ancient political systems, we can derive important lessons for avoiding conflicts in the present day.

Josephine Balmer, an expert in classical studies, has emphasized the importance of classical literature in comprehending the effects of tyranny and the value of democratic principles. Her research posits that the tragic stories of characters such as Ajax from Sophocles or Macbeth from Shakespeare serve as cautionary tales about the perils of unchecked power and moral decay. These narratives provide instructive warnings that can help prevent similar issues in modern governance.

Going back in history, Sun Tzu, the ancient Chinese strategist and author of The Art of War, offers several profound insights into conflict and strategies for avoiding it. He asserts that the greatest victory is to achieve one’s goals without engaging in battle, highlighting the effectiveness of strategic planning, diplomacy, and psychological tactics in preventing and resolving conflicts peacefully. Tzu also emphasizes the importance of understanding both oneself and one’s adversary, suggesting that comprehensive knowledge and preparation can help avoid unnecessary conflicts and facilitate peaceful outcomes. Furthermore, he underscores that warfare relies heavily on deception, implying that managing perceptions and expectations through diplomatic and strategic means can prevent conflicts from escalating into actual warfare.

The wisdom derived from classical literature and Sun Tzu’s The Art of War collectively stress the significance of understanding human nature, employing strategic foresight, and utilizing diplomacy to prevent and resolve conflicts. These insights continue to offer valuable guidance for navigating the complexities of conflict in the modern world.

Dr. Abeyratne teaches aerospace law at McGill University. Among the numerous books he has published are Air Navigation Law (2012) and Aviation Safety Law and Regulation (to be published in 2023). He is a former Senior Legal Counsel at the International Civil Aviation Organization.

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Salman Rushdie, Knife, and the Anniversary

Rushdie’s stoic composure and philosophical approach to life after the horrific attack that left him blind in one eye and debilitated is both morally courageous and deeply inspiring.

by Ruwantissa Abeyratne

“This is who we are as a species: We contain within ourselves both the possibility of murdering an old stranger for almost no reason…and we also contain the antidote to that disease – courage, selflessness, the willingness to risk oneself to help that old stranger lying on the ground.” ~ Salman Rushdie – Knife

I sat down to read Knife – Meditations After and Attempted Murder (hereafter referred to as Knife) on August 12 –  precisely  on the second anniversary of the violent attack on literary luminary Salman Rushdie, when a man wearing “black clothes and a black mask” rushed towards the author and attacked him with a vicious malevolence that gravely threatened his life.  Ironically, the celebrated author was at an event where he was slated  to speak on keeping journalism safe.

Author Salman Rushdie [File Photo by Peter Foley/UPI]

In Knife, which Rushdie dedicates to “the men and women who saved my life”, he  recounts, in his own clear, inimitable and eloquent style his traumatic experience on the brink of space and time between life and death, and his journey towards physical recovery  and healing in the care of his wife.  Knife is a celebration of the human spirit, and the strength found in storytelling, going beyond merely a tale of survival. Through his insights on life, loss, and the lasting significance of art, Rushdie provides readers with a graceful meditation on life and death along with a deep reflection on the complexities of life and the resilience required to endure its most challenging moments.  One review, in Kirkus Reviews, says: “he writes with calm assurance about long weeks in the hospital—and, “because you have no alternative,” the poking and prodding that come with it. He affectingly evokes the accompanying emotions, including the psychic emptiness that comes in the presence of death…”

Salman Rushdie

Salman Rushdie is widely regarded as one of the most influential writers of contemporary times, celebrated for his complex narratives that seamlessly merge magical realism with historical fiction, while delving deeply into themes of identity, culture, and religion. Over the course of several decades, Rushdie’s work has not only made a lasting impact on modern literature but has also ignited global dialogues about freedom of expression, religious tolerance, and the enduring power of storytelling. Despite facing significant challenges, including the well-known fatwa issued against him, Rushdie’s literary contributions have earned him widespread acclaim and deep respect internationally.

Rushdie was born on June 19, 1947, in Bombay (now Mumbai), India, and later pursued his education in England, studying at King’s College, Cambridge. His early exposure to the multifaceted cultural and religious identities in post-colonial India significantly shaped his writing. His debut novel, Grimus (1975), garnered limited attention, but it was his second novel, Midnight’s Children (1981), that brought him widespread recognition.

Midnight’s Children is often hailed as Rushdie’s magnum opus. This novel, which won the Booker Prize in 1981 and was later honored with the Booker of Bookers in 1993, masterfully intertwines the history of India with the life of its central character, Saleem Sinai. The book’s innovative use of magical realism, coupled with its detailed commentary on post-colonial India, solidified Rushdie’s position as a significant voice in global literature.

However, it was The Satanic Verses (1988) that thrust Rushdie into global controversy. The novel, which examines themes of religious faith, identity, and migration, was met with intense criticism from many in the Muslim world due to its perceived blasphemous portrayal of the Prophet Muhammad. In 1989, Iran’s Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khomeini, issued a fatwa calling for Rushdie’s death, forcing him into hiding for several years.

The uproar surrounding The Satanic Verses sparked a worldwide debate on the balance between freedom of expression and religious sensitivity. Despite the grave threats to his life, Rushdie continued to write and advocate for free speech, emerging as a symbol of artistic freedom and opposition to censorship. His tenacity in the face of such intense adversity further cemented his reputation as a staunch defender of free expression.

Rushdie’s writing is distinguished by its richly textured prose, blending the fantastical with the real, and a profound engagement with history, politics, and religion. His novels often feature intricate narratives that explore the confluence of different cultures and identities. In addition to Midnight’s Children and The Satanic Verses, other significant works include Shame (1983), a sharp critique of Pakistani politics; The Moor’s Last Sigh (1995), a sweeping family saga set in India; and The Ground Beneath Her Feet (1999), which reimagines the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice within the world of rock and roll.

Rushdie’s employment of magical realism, a literary technique that blends fantastical elements with the ordinary, has drawn comparisons to Latin American authors like Gabriel García Márquez. Yet, Rushdie’s unique synthesis of this style with South Asian history and politics has forged a distinct voice that is entirely his own. His narratives frequently challenge conventional storytelling, incorporating postmodern elements such as unreliable narrators, intertextuality, and non-linear timelines.

Rushdie’s contributions to literature have been recognized through numerous accolades and honors. Beyond winning the Booker Prize, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2007 for his services to literature. He has also been awarded the Golden PEN Award, the European Union’s Aristeion Prize for Literature, and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize, among others. His work has been translated into more than forty languages, and he is praised by both readers and critics for his imaginative storytelling and incisive social critique.

In spite of the controversies and threats he has faced, Rushdie remains a beloved and respected figure within the literary community. His courage in defending his right to free expression has inspired countless writers and readers globally. Rushdie’s work continues to be a central focus of academic study and remains integral to discussions on post-colonial literature, freedom of expression, and the responsibilities of the writer.

The legacy of Salman Rushdie extends well beyond his literary achievements. He has become a symbol of resilience and the fight for creative freedom. His work has facilitated discussions on the complexities of cultural identity, the consequences of colonialism, and the ongoing tension between tradition and modernity. Rushdie’s willingness to tackle controversial and sensitive topics has paved the way for other writers to explore similar themes without fear.

Furthermore, Rushdie’s impact on literature is profound. He has inspired a generation of writers to explore the fluidity of identity, the power of narrative, and the intersection of the personal and the political. His novels challenge readers to critically engage with the world, question established narratives, and appreciate the richness and diversity of the human experience.

Salman Rushdie stands as a monumental figure in modern literature, whose work has transcended the boundaries of fiction to influence global discussions on art, culture, and human rights. His narratives, imbued with imagination and insight, continue to resonate with readers around the world, and his unwavering commitment to freedom of expression has left an indelible mark on the world. Rushdie’s legacy is one of courage, creativity, and a profound belief in the transformative power of words.

My Take

Rushdie’s intellectual composure and philosophic approach to life – redolent of the ancient stoics – after such a horrendous attack on him which has left him blind in one eye and various other debilitations that followed the attack, is, to say the least, both morally courageous and deeply inspiring. At a point in his book, he says he was certain he was going to die.  But he had none of the experience of others, who recall their near death experiences as hearing heavenly music and voices so soothing, saying words of comfort, that their life on earth was never in vain. They say they were  surrounded by love, for not who they have been, but for who others are in the celestial realm.

Perhaps Rushdie was too intellectual for Heaven?

Dr. Abeyratne teaches aerospace law at McGill University. Among the numerous books he has published are Air Navigation Law (2012) and Aviation Safety Law and Regulation (to be published in 2023). He is a former Senior Legal Counsel at the International Civil Aviation Organization.

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Life After Work — A Tribute to Retirement

Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister who led the United Kingdom through World War II, also exemplifies someone who remained remarkably productive after leaving office.

by Ruwantissa Abeyratne

There is no joy to be had from retirement except by some kind of productive work. Otherwise, you degenerate into talking to everybody about your pains and pills and income tax. ~ Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States (1801-1809)

Retirement is commonly seen as a time to relax after many years of hard work. Yet, history reveals that some leaders and influential individuals have turned their retirement into an opportunity for ongoing productivity and impact. These people have shown that retirement can be a period of meaningful contribution, where they can apply their experience, wisdom, and influence on new pursuits. This essay will explore the lives of a few such figures who remained notably active and impactful even after officially stepping down from their roles.

[ Photo: Dominik Lange/ Unsplash]

Lives of Great Men

Jared Cohen, in his book Life After Power: Seven Presidents and Their Search for Purpose Beyond the White House quotes philosopher Carl Jung as having said: “ Thoroughly unprepared, we take the step into the afternoon of life.  Worse still, we take this step with the false presupposition that our truths and our ideals will serve us as they have in the past. But we cannot live the afternoon of life according to the program of life’s morning, for what was great in the morning will be little at evening and what in the morning was true, at evening will have become a lie”.

Cohen records that after retirement from the Presidency, Thomas Jefferson did not fail to be at his desk at 6 in the morning each day. “His real task was writing.  He published a landmark book… He kept writing for two decades after the war.  He published seven more books by 1964…He was incredibly productive…” According to one of his research assistants, he was so prolific because he wanted to “set the record straight”.  In 1819, Jefferson successfully established the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, a town located near his Monticello estate. He carefully crafted the campus, which he referred to as the “Academical Village,” featuring a distinctive architectural design centered around the Rotunda, a structure modeled after the Pantheon in Rome. This design was a reflection of Jefferson’s Enlightenment values, with the university envisioned as a place where students and scholars could live and learn together in an environment that encouraged open dialogue and the exchange of ideas.

The University of Virginia officially opened its doors in 1825, and Jefferson remained deeply involved in its early development, even into his later years. He personally selected the faculty, shaped the curriculum, and worked to ensure that the institution adhered to his educational ideals. Jefferson’s commitment to this project was so strong that he asked for his role in founding the University of Virginia to be inscribed on his tombstone, alongside his authorship of the Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, which he considered his most significant achievements.

Today, the University of Virginia stands as a lasting tribute to Jefferson’s vision of education as a cornerstone of democratic society, continuing to uphold the principles of intellectual freedom and academic excellence that he fervently championed.

Jimmy Carter, who served as the 39th President of the United States, is a prime example of a leader who found new ways to make a difference after leaving the White House. When his presidency ended in 1981, Carter began a journey of humanitarian work that would leave a lasting legacy. In 1982, he founded the Carter Center, an organization focused on promoting human rights, democracy, and public health on a global scale. Carter’s post-presidential efforts included overseeing elections in emerging democracies, mediating international conflicts, and leading initiatives to eradicate diseases like Guinea worm and river blindness. His dedication to global peace and health was recognized when he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002, highlighting how his contributions went far beyond his time in office. Carter’s retirement years serve as a powerful example of continued service and commitment to important global issues.

Similarly, Nelson Mandela, after serving as the first Black president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, continued to play a pivotal role in advancing global peace and reconciliation. Despite enduring great hardship and spending 27 years in prison, Mandela chose to use his retirement to further the causes of peace, justice, and equality. He established the Nelson Mandela Foundation, which addresses social justice issues and promotes his vision of equality and human rights. Additionally, Mandela became a leading figure in the fight against HIV/AIDS in Africa, advocating for greater awareness and resources to combat the epidemic. Through his post-retirement activism, Mandela cemented his legacy as a global symbol of human rights and a beacon of hope and reconciliation.

Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister who led the United Kingdom through World War II, also exemplifies someone who remained remarkably productive after leaving office. After stepping down in 1955, Churchill turned his focus to writing and history, a passion that had always been close to his heart. His literary works, including his extensive history of World War II and the history of the English-speaking peoples, earned him the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 and solidified his reputation as one of the 20th century’s greatest statesmen and writers. Churchill’s retirement years were characterized by his commitment to documenting history and sharing his vast knowledge with the world. His writings continue to be influential, offering valuable insights into leadership, politics, and history.

Mother Teresa, renowned for her lifelong dedication to serving the poor and sick in Calcutta, India, continued her humanitarian work well beyond her formal retirement. Even after stepping down as the head of the Missionaries of Charity in 1997, she remained deeply involved in the organization’s work until her passing later that year. Her commitment to helping those in need did not diminish with age; instead, it grew stronger, inspiring others to join her cause. Mother Teresa’s legacy is one of unwavering compassion and service, illustrating how the drive to help others can transcend the conventional boundaries of retirement.

In a different vein, Bill Gates’ transition from being the CEO of Microsoft to focusing on philanthropy represents a shift from one type of leadership to another. After stepping down from his day-to-day role at Microsoft in 2008, Gates devoted himself to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which he co-founded with his then-wife Melinda. The foundation has become one of the most significant philanthropic organizations in the world, concentrating on global health, education, and poverty alleviation. Gates’ post-retirement work has made a substantial impact in the fight against diseases like malaria, polio, and HIV/AIDS, showing how business leaders can use their resources and influence to tackle some of the world’s most urgent challenges.

The lives of these leaders and influential figures demonstrate that retirement can be a time of renewed purpose and profound impact. Through humanitarian work, writing, activism, or philanthropy, these individuals have shown that the desire to contribute and lead does not fade with age or the conclusion of a formal career. Instead, retirement can provide the freedom to pursue passions, address global challenges, and leave a lasting legacy. Their stories inspire others, proving that the drive to make a difference does not end with retirement.

My Take

Ikigai is a Japanese idea that represents the reason or purpose for living, often described as what makes life worthwhile or brings a sense of fulfillment. The term “ikigai” merges two Japanese words: “iki,” which means life, and “gai,” which means value or worth. It is commonly illustrated as the overlap of several key aspects of life. These include what you love, encompassing activities or pursuits that bring joy and satisfaction, and what you are good at, which refers to the skills or talents in which you excel.

Additionally, it considers what the world needs, emphasizing ways in which you can contribute to the well-being of others or society, and what you can be paid for, referring to work or activities that offer financial support. Discovering one’s ikigai is viewed as a path to achieving balance, satisfaction, and meaning in life, encouraging individuals to engage in activities that align with these elements. This creates a harmony between personal fulfillment and contributing to the greater good. In Japanese culture, ikigai is linked to living a long, happy, and purposeful life, as it fosters a deep connection between daily actions and an overarching sense of purpose.

In The Audacity of Hope, President Barack Obama explores the significance of living with a clear sense of purpose, direction, and dignity. He argues that having a purpose involves being motivated by something beyond personal interests—whether it’s a core principle or a set of values that imbue our actions with meaning. For Obama, this sense of purpose extends beyond personal success and involves making contributions to the broader community and working towards collective well-being. It’s about understanding how our lives are interconnected with others and recognizing the impact our actions have on the world.

Obama also highlights the necessity of having direction in life, which he defines as having a clear understanding of our goals and where we are aiming to go. This sense of direction is crucial for navigating life’s complexities, allowing us to make informed choices and establish priorities. Without a sense of direction, he warns, we risk becoming disoriented or losing focus on what is truly important. Obama urges readers to discover their own path and remain dedicated to it, even when confronted with challenges or uncertainty.

Additionally, Obama addresses the concept of dignity, which he sees as a fundamental element of a fulfilling life. To him, dignity involves maintaining self-respect and showing respect towards others. It means living with integrity, adhering to our values, and treating people with kindness and fairness. In Obama’s view, dignity also encompasses recognizing the intrinsic worth of every person, regardless of their background or situation. He believes that a dignified life honors both our own humanity and that of others.

Through his reflections, President Obama emphasizes that a life marked by purpose, direction, and dignity is not only personally rewarding but also benefits society as a whole. He encourages individuals to be mindful of their impact on the world and to pursue a life that is not merely successful by traditional standards but also meaningful and just.

As a retiree myself, I believe that the three elements President Obama mentions are crucial to retirement. Among these, dignity in retirement refers to maintaining one’s self-respect and sense of value as one enters the later stages of life. Transitioning from a career to retirement often prompts individuals to reassess their identity and purpose. For many, retirement represents more than just stopping work; it’s an opportunity to reinvent oneself and keep contributing to society in fresh and meaningful ways. Embracing retirement with dignity involves navigating this change with poise and continuing to find meaning and satisfaction in various activities and relationships.

At its essence, dignity in retirement means maintaining a strong sense of self-worth even without being part of the workforce. This involves pursuing activities that are fulfilling and align with personal values, whether through volunteer efforts, hobbies, or ongoing education. By engaging in activities that provide a sense of purpose, retirees can preserve a positive self-image and stay relevant. This might involve guiding younger people, participating in community initiatives, or dedicating time to long-standing interests that bring joy.

Additionally, dignity in retirement encompasses honoring and appreciating the lifetime of experiences and knowledge accumulated over the years. It’s crucial for retirees to recognize their past contributions and the positive impact they’ve made. This respect for one’s journey can be maintained by staying involved with family and friends, taking part in social and community events, and advocating for meaningful causes. Keeping these connections and remaining active helps retirees uphold their dignity and continue to make a difference in their communities.

In the end, dignity in retirement means living the later years with respect and self-esteem. It’s a time when individuals can still make significant contributions and find personal fulfillment through ongoing engagement. Embracing this stage of life with dignity involves acknowledging past accomplishments while also seizing new opportunities for growth and contribution.

President Carter is known to have considered retirement an extension of office. This is a highly beneficial strategy for retirement.

Dr. Abeyratne teaches aerospace law at McGill University. Among the numerous books he has published are Air Navigation Law (2012) and Aviation Safety Law and Regulation (to be published in 2023). He is a former Senior Legal Counsel at the International Civil Aviation Organization.

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Learning Leadership And Business Management From The Classics

The decision by universities such as Oxford and Cambridge to permit students to study a combination of arts, political science, economics, and sciences within a single degree is a strategic and progressive educational approach.

by Ruwantissa Abeyratne

Preface

The latest issue of The Economist has an essay arguing that, although tomes have been written and read on how to run successful businesses, it may be prudent to go back to basics – where the classics we learnt in school (long  before getting our MBA’s from business schools) may offer compelling gems of business management and leadership which are hidden therein. 

[Photo: Jeshoots/ Unsplash]

Although one might say that in the contemporary domain of business, where algorithms, data analytics, and market trends predominate in strategic decision-making it might appear anachronistic to seek insights from classical literature, nonetheless the enduring narratives and intricate character analyses found within these literary works proffer profound lessons in leadership, management, ethics, human behavior, and strategic thinking. The following discourse examines how classical literature imparts invaluable wisdom applicable to contemporary business strategies.

The Classics

The works of William Shakespeare are imbued with illustrations of leadership—both exemplary and flawed. In “Henry V,” the titular character evolves from a wayward prince into a revered monarch. Henry’s capacity to galvanize his troops prior to the Battle of Agincourt exemplifies the potency of motivational leadership. His renowned St. Crispin’s Day speech underscores unity, shared purpose, and valor, qualities indispensable to any business leader endeavoring to rally a team. Conversely, Shakespeare’s “Macbeth” serves as a cautionary tale regarding ambition untampered by moral constraints. Macbeth’s relentless pursuit of power precipitates his downfall, accentuating the perils of unethical conduct and the paramount importance of integrity. Modern business leaders can discern from Macbeth that while ambition is requisite for success, it must be tempered with ethical considerations to ensure long-term sustainability and reputation. As elucidated by Harvard Business School Professor Joseph L. Badaracco, ethical leadership and moral decision-making are critical components of effective business leadership.

Albeit not a work of literature in the traditional sense, Sun Tzu’s “The Art of War” is a classical text that has profoundly influenced both military and business strategy across centuries. Sun Tzu’s emphasis on strategic planning, understanding the competitive landscape, and the significance of adaptability resonates profoundly with modern business practices. His assertion that “all warfare is based on deception” is analogous to competitive business tactics such as market positioning and strategic alliances. A principal takeaway from “The Art of War” is the notion of winning without fighting—achieving objectives through indirect methods and minimizing direct conflict. In business, this translates to outmaneuvering competitors through innovation, superior customer service, and efficient processes rather than engaging in destructive price wars or hostile takeovers. As noted by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School, competitive strategy involves positioning a company to exploit its distinct strengths.

Jane Austen’s novels, particularly “Pride and Prejudice” and “Sense and Sensibility,” offer astute observations on human behavior and social economics. Austen’s characters navigate the complexities of social status, marriage, and financial security, often making decisions that reveal deeper economic principles. In “Pride and Prejudice,” Mr. Darcy’s initial pride and Elizabeth Bennet’s prejudice against him act as impediments to their eventual union. This can be likened to the biases and preconceptions businesses must overcome to forge successful partnerships. Moreover, the economic pressures faced by the Bennet family in securing marriages for their daughters underscore the significance of financial planning and risk management. Austen’s focus on character and reputation aligns with modern branding strategies. Just as Elizabeth Bennet’s reputation affects her social standing and prospects, a company’s reputation can significantly impact its market position and customer loyalty. Austen’s work serves as a reminder to business leaders that trust and integrity are foundational to long-term success. As stated by John A. Quelch of Harvard Business School, reputation management is a critical aspect of maintaining a competitive edge.

Charles Dickens’ novels often depict the tumultuous changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution. In “A Tale of Two Cities,” Dickens contrasts the stability of England with the chaos of revolutionary France, offering insights into managing change and innovation. The novel illustrates how societal upheaval can lead to both destruction and renewal, a concept that parallels the disruptive nature of innovation in business. In “Great Expectations,” Dickens explores themes of personal growth and development through the character of Pip. Pip’s journey from a humble orphan to a gentleman, replete with challenges and realizations, mirrors the entrepreneurial journey. Business leaders can draw from Pip’s experience the importance of adaptability, lifelong learning, and the willingness to evolve in response to changing circumstances. This resonates with the insights of Clayton M. Christensen of Harvard Business School, who emphasized the significance of disruptive innovation and continuous learning in achieving sustained business success.

From F. Scott Fitzgerald’s classic “The Great Gatsby”, we learn the profound impact of elevating one’s life beyond mundane practicality, above the desire for security, and past the drive for power. Stanford Business School’s Scotty McLennan remarks that while few can maintain Gatsby’s level of idealism consistently, Fitzgerald’s work challenges us to aspire to an idealism that surpasses Gatsby’s by highlighting the limitations of his dreams.

In “Things Fall Apart” by Chinua Achebe, set in a small Nigerian village under British colonial rule, leadership wisdom is prevalent. McLennan and Lebowitz both note that the novel questions what defines a successful leader and what transpires when a leader’s ambitions clash with the group’s interests.

“Lord of the Flies” by William Golding serves as a cautionary tale for leaders, illustrating the chaos that ensues when a plane crash leaves schoolboys stranded on a deserted island. Lebowitz points out that the novel offers significant lessons on the dynamics between leaders and followers, and the balance between teamwork and individuality, for people at all levels of business.

“Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” by Mark Twain, another timeless classic, tells of a boy’s adventures in the antebellum American South. Entrepreneur Sujan Patel recommends this novel, highlighting its lesson on the importance of trusting one’s instincts over societal opinions, a valuable lesson for entrepreneurs.

“The Remains of the Day” by Kazuo Ishiguro, recommended by Amazon’s Jeff Bezos, is a nuanced novel about a British butler with a secret past. McLennan praises it as a helpful study of the difference between Eastern and Western perspectives, as well as a compelling exploration of regret, ethical decision-making, and the resurfacing of repressed thoughts.

“Man’s Search for Meaning” by Viktor Frankl, a psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor, offers profound insights into the human condition. Frankl’s narrative of surviving a concentration camp and his psychological theory, logotherapy, which centers on life’s search for meaning, has inspired leaders for generations. Coleman asserts that Frankl’s story is a powerful reminder of the extremes of human nature.

“Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance” by Robert M. Pirsig, which is included in the UK’s Independent newspaper’s list of essential reads, makes philosophy accessible and practical. The book provides timeless advice on living a better, more fulfilling life, making it a valuable and enjoyable read for anyone seeking wisdom.

This rich tapestry of just a few examples of classical literature of human experiences and ethical dilemmas, offers enduring lessons for modern business strategy. From the motivational leadership of Shakespeare’s Henry V and the strategic acumen of Sun Tzu to the economic insights of Jane Austen and the innovation themes in Dickens, these timeless works provide a deep well of knowledge. By studying classical literature, business leaders can acquire a broader perspective on human nature, ethics, and strategic thinking, enabling them to navigate the complexities of the modern business world with wisdom and foresight. As we continue to innovate and evolve, the fundamental truths captured in these literary works remain as relevant today as they were centuries ago.

What the Business Schools say

In the quest for excellence in the domain of business management education, Ivy League business schools and esteemed academic journals have increasingly championed a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating the study of classical literature. The incorporation of classical literature into business education is predicated on the conviction that such works furnish timeless insights into human nature, leadership, ethics, and strategic thinking. Harvard Business School (HBS), lauded for its innovative pedagogical methods, has long acknowledged the value of classical literature in fostering critical thinking and ethical decision-making skills among its students. Professor Joseph L. Badaracco of HBS, in his treatise “Questions of Character: Illuminating the Heart of Leadership through Literature,” contends that great literature enables business leaders to contemplate complex moral and ethical quandaries in a nuanced fashion, thereby fostering a profound understanding of leadership.

Similarly, the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania has integrated literature into its curriculum through courses such as “Leadership and Literature,” which scrutinize the moral and ethical dimensions of leadership through the prism of classical and contemporary literary works. These courses aim to cultivate students’ ability to navigate the intricacies of leadership by drawing analogies between the experiences of literary characters and real-world business challenges.

In academic journals, the discourse on integrating classical literature into business education is extensively documented. The “Journal of Business Ethics” has published numerous treatises underscoring the importance of ethical reflection and moral reasoning, frequently citing classical literature as a valuable resource. For instance, an article by Andre Delbecq and Jonathon D. Nelson (2000) elucidates how reading literature can assist managers in developing empathy, an essential skill for ethical leadership and effective management.

Columbia Business School has underscored the role of classical literature in augmenting strategic thinking. In their article “Leadership Lessons from Literature,” professors Todd Jick and John P. McCormack expound on how the strategic insights found in works such as Sun Tzu’s “The Art of War” can be applied to contemporary business contexts. They posit that comprehending the principles of strategy, competition, and adaptation in literature equips future business leaders with the tools to navigate the dynamic and often unpredictable business environment.

The Yale School of Management also advocates for the study of classical literature to promote a holistic understanding of business management. In a curriculum that emphasizes broad-based education, Yale integrates classical texts to instruct students on the fundamental principles of human behavior and decision-making. According to Professor Jeffrey Sonnenfeld, incorporating literature into business education aids students in developing a well-rounded perspective, enabling them to approach business dilemmas with creativity and ethical sensitivity.

The scholarly work published in “The Academy of Management Review” further corroborates the inclusion of literature in business education. In an article by Mary Crossan and Michael Apaydin the authors assert that classical literature provides rich, contextualized exemplars of leadership and organizational behavior, which are invaluable for developing critical analysis and reflective thinking skills in business students.

It is clear that Ivy League business schools and academic journals widely endorse the integration of classical literature into business management education. By drawing on the timeless narratives and profound character studies found in these works, business educators can cultivate critical thinking, ethical decision-making, and strategic insight among their students. As business education continues to evolve, the enduring wisdom of classical literature remains an essential component in preparing future leaders to navigate the complexities of the modern business world with integrity and foresight.

My Take

Universities such as Oxford and Cambridge are renowned for their academic excellence and innovation. A significant element of their educational philosophy is their policy permitting students to engage in a broad spectrum of disciplines, encompassing arts, political science, economics, and the sciences, within a single degree program. This interdisciplinary strategy is not merely a nod to historical academic traditions but is also a calculated response to contemporary societal needs. There are numerous compelling justifications for this approach, including the enhancement of intellectual versatility, the development of well-rounded individuals, the stimulation of critical thinking, and the encouragement of innovation.

Primarily, the amalgamation of various disciplines within a single degree promotes intellectual versatility. In the context of our rapidly evolving world, the ability to draw upon knowledge from multiple fields is indispensable. Engaging with a blend of arts, political science, economics, and sciences allows students to cultivate a multifaceted comprehension of intricate issues. This intellectual dexterity equips them to tackle problems from diverse viewpoints, thereby enhancing their capacity to devise innovative solutions. For instance, comprehending the economic ramifications of political decisions necessitates expertise in both economics and political science, while addressing environmental issues may require insights from natural sciences as well as public policy.

Furthermore, an interdisciplinary education equips students to become well-rounded individuals. The extensive knowledge gained from such a diverse curriculum ensures that graduates attain a comprehensive understanding of the world. They are not confined to a singular perspective but are prepared to engage with a multitude of topics and ideas. This well-roundedness is particularly beneficial in a globalized society, where cross-cultural comprehension and the ability to navigate various intellectual terrains are crucial. Graduates from such programs often exhibit greater adaptability and thrive in a variety of professional settings.

Another substantial advantage of this approach is the enhancement of critical thinking skills. Studying multiple disciplines necessitates the adoption of various analytical and inquiry methodologies. The stringent logical reasoning required by the sciences complements the interpretive and evaluative skills developed through the humanities and social sciences. This synthesis cultivates a more comprehensive and nuanced approach to critical thinking. Students learn to evaluate evidence, construct coherent arguments, and question assumptions—skills essential for both academic and professional achievement. The ability to think critically across disciplines is particularly vital in an era characterized by an abundance of information and the challenge of distinguishing truth from misinformation.

Additionally, an interdisciplinary education nurtures innovation. Many significant advancements and breakthroughs occur at the intersection of different fields. By motivating students to explore diverse disciplines, universities like Oxford and Cambridge create an environment conducive to the emergence of novel ideas. For instance, the convergence of technology and the arts has led to significant developments in digital media and design. Similarly, the intersection of biology and economics has given rise to the field of bio economics, which addresses sustainability and resource management issues. By dismantling traditional academic silos, these universities enable students to think creatively and contribute to pioneering advancements.

Offering a broad-based education also aligns with the historical mission of universities as institutions committed to the pursuit of knowledge in all its forms. This tradition traces back to the Renaissance ideal of the polymath, an individual with expertise spanning multiple fields. By allowing students to study a wide array of subjects, Oxford and Cambridge honor this legacy and uphold the principle that education should be holistic and encompassing. This approach not only enriches students’ intellectual experiences but also reinforces the universities’ roles as comprehensive centers of learning and discovery.

Lastly, an interdisciplinary education can enhance employability. In a competitive job market, employers increasingly value candidates with diverse skill sets and the ability to adapt to various roles. Graduates who have studied a mix of arts, political science, economics, and sciences are often more appealing to employers because they offer a versatile and well-rounded perspective in the workplace. They are perceived as individuals who can think critically, solve problems creatively, and communicate effectively across different domains. This adaptability is particularly important in careers that require interdisciplinary collaboration and continuous learning.

In summation, the decision by universities such as Oxford and Cambridge to permit students to study a combination of arts, political science, economics, and sciences within a single degree is a strategic and progressive educational approach. It fosters intellectual versatility, prepares well-rounded individuals, enhances critical thinking, stimulates innovation, and aligns with the historical mission of universities as comprehensive centers of knowledge. By embracing an interdisciplinary curriculum, these institutions equip their students with the skills and insights necessary to navigate and contribute to an increasingly complex and interconnected world.

Dr. Abeyratne teaches aerospace law at McGill University. Among the numerous books he has published are Air Navigation Law (2012) and Aviation Safety Law and Regulation (to be published in 2023). He is a former Senior Legal Counsel at the International Civil Aviation Organization.

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