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When The Police Became Music ‘Vigilantes’

 Police recently harassed a nondescript Youtuber and video-blogger Hero Alom, who was born and lives in Bograand was summoned to the office of the Detective Police.

by Saleem Samad

I did not know when the police were given responsibility for ensuring singers sing to the proper tune of the song, especially ‘RabindraSangeet’ (Tagore Songs).

Tomorrow, they will haul singers singing ‘Nazrul Geeti’ or band (or pop) music for not strictly following the music grammar.

Remember, the police arrested folk singers and send them to prison for singing folk songs, which they said had hurt the feeling of the Muslims.



During the coronavirus pandemic in 2020, twoBaul (mystic) singers—Rita Dewan and ShariatSarkerwere arrested separately under the repressive Digital Security Act, for allegedly “hurting the religious sentiments of Muslims.”

Social media is flooded with protests and satire posts by academics, journalists, social justice advocates, human rights defenders and of course the netizens.

Police recently harassed a nondescript Youtuber and video-blogger Hero Alom, who was born and lives in Bograand was summoned to the office of the Detective Police.

He was not charged after he signed an apology on a piece of paper stating that he will never sing Tagore Songs in distorted tune and proper pronunciation. It is understood that some aggrieved persons had complained against Alom to the police. Is it a crime to sing inappropriately?

How do the law enforcement officers understand Hero Alom’ssongs on the YouTube channel were distorted? Are they certified by a musical institute or themselves graduates from a music college or an institute – likeChhayanaut, Bangladesh Academy of Fine Arts (BAFA), Government Music College or any recognised music institutions in the country?

If they are not certified music experts, have they consulted with a music connoisseur or teacher of RabindraSangeet? Unfortunately, they have not!

The nation has not forgotten that songs and poetry penned by Rabindranath Tagore were banned from broadcast by the Dhaka station of Radio Pakistan in 1967 during the military junta of General Ayub Khan.

Tagore is considered taboo in Pakistan since the partition in 1947. Finally, all works of Tagore were officially banned in government media (Radio Pakistan, PTV, government-owned newspapers) by the orders of powerful information and broadcasting ministerKhwajaShahabuddin and vetted by East Pakistan governor Monem Khan in 1967.

One reason is that he is an Indian. Secondly, he was dubbed as a Hindu – which fortunately he was not. His family practised Brahmmo – believing in One God, singing the Upanishad’s ‘ekeshwar’ and distanced from idolatry. His father, Debendranath Tagore, adopted the Brahmofaith and does away with the rituals of Sanatan Dharma (faith).

Rabindranath Tagore is a poet of Bengal, India, and the world. Songs of Nobel laureate Rabindranath are national anthems in India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka and of course, in the minds and hearts of Bangalee diaspora (from both sides of Bengal) living abroad.

The Islamists in Bangladesh for decades have been demanding of the government to trash the national anthem written by Tagore, who is dubbed a Hindu and an Indian.

Scores of Mullahs in Waz-Mehfil(Islamic rallies) uploaded videos on YouTubethreatening to forcibly change the national anthem, which they explain compromises the culture, language and spirit of majoritarian Sunni Muslims.

Well, the Islamist has not only called to get rid of the national anthem but also dared to speak nonsense against the national flag, and state constitution. They debunkedPahelaBaishak (Bangla New Year), Ekushey February (International Mother’s Language Day) and the rich cultural heritage of Bengal.

They taunt at independence war which created Bangladesh, after a humiliating surrender of marauding Pakistan military at Dhaka on 16th December 1971. They challenge the figures of 3 million victims of genocide and said Muslim soldiers cannot kill Muslims.

In the Waz, they speak foul regarding women’s education, women’s empowerment and women in leadership.

Islamist hate-speech does attack Hindus, Christians, Buddhists and Adivasis. They warn them that the land they are born among the majoritarian Muslims. Even, they provoke the government to ban Ahmadiyya – whom they say are not Muslims.

This does not end here!

The Islamists coerced the authorities to change the school textbooks in Bangladesh. The authority deleted several pieces of literature and poetry written by Hindu litterateurs. Even the sketches in the textbooks have been replaced by girls and women in headcovers and men wearing ‘Tupi’ (cap). The boys in half-pants or shorts have been replaced with pyjama and panjabi.

Well, to conclude the police and civil administration have turned a blind eye to theWaz-Mefils spitting hate-speech against the state authority, the spirit of the liberation war, and the religious and ethnic minorities.

Not to be surprised, none of the Islamic evangelists has been prosecuted under the controversial Digital Security Act, nor faced music of justice.

Is it not true that the draconian cyber law is only used against critics of the government, opposition, journalists, netizens, cultural activists and human rights defenders and not the Islamist hate-speech mongers?

Saleem Samad, is an independent journalist, media rights defender, recipient of Ashoka Fellowship and Hellman-Hammett Award. He can be reached at: saleemsamad@hotmail.com; Twitter @saleemsamad

A Women’s Football feast at Wembley?

Most England’s fans go crazy when they start chanting the melody: “Sweet Caroline”. We know that they are in the “jaws of victory”. 

by Victor Cherubim

England’s Women team, nicknamed “the Lionesses” beat Germany 2-1 in a European UEFA Final 2022 at Wembley Stadium this evening (31 July 2022). It sent the record crowd of over 87,000 fans into a frenzy, with 10 minutes of extra time remaining. Viewers at home glued to their TV screens, were in shock amazement.

There is always something magical when England meets Germany at football in Wembley. It was a long wait for the first major trophy for either men or women, since England’s World Cup win against Germany on 30 July 1966, but today’s game was electric. 

It has also been an iconic image in Women’s sport also for more than two decades, since 1999 Women’s World Cup tournament. USA Women won it then and did change the face of soccer, as it is known in America, forever. While today is a landmark moment in England and will never be forgotten.

Chloe Kelly scored the winning goal and turned it into a hilarious moment as she whipped her football shirt off her body, showing it and swinging it widely above her head in a frenzy, in similar fashion to what USA’s Brandi Chastain did back in1999 to secure USA’s World Cup win. 

Most England’s fans go crazy when they start chanting the melody: “Sweet Caroline”. We know that they are in the “jaws of victory”. When they did this evening, as relayed on our TV screens, it was indeed a proud moment for them, particularly for all the fathers, husbands, the menfolk. When Prince William and Duchess of Cornwall’s young daughter, Charlotte, had earlier sent her good wishes to the “Lionesses Team”, we had second-guessed, something was in the offing, perhaps, an anticipated result for England. We had Sri Lanka weather at Wembley, with bright sunshine; it added to the overspill of joy.

As I write this piece, the England squad of young women are still on the pitch, enjoying their well-earned victory, with their winners’ gold medals swinging around their necks, looking tired, but enjoying themselves, without knowing how to share this moment of unprecedented history and thrill.

The crowd of spectators, will, of course, carry home, and cherish memories long, long afterwards, expecting an open-top bus parade and acclamation of the winning team, along the city’s thoroughfare.

As per tradition, within minutes after the victory, Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth, has sent her warmest congratulation, “that their success goes far beyond the present”. 

For those not only in UK but also abroad, it is an amazing moment for the women’s game and for women’s sport.

The win against eight (8) times Women’s Football winners, Germany, will ride in their memory, for the continued perseverance, determination and self-belief of the “English Lionesses,” who had brought home the trophy at home territory.

Are Strategies In India Adequate to Reduce Import Dependence on Crude oil?

Government of India is putting up massive efforts to increase the production of ethanol and has fixed the target of 20% blending of ethanol with petrol by the year 2025.

by N.S.Venkataraman

India is now having unsustainable level of import dependence on  crude oil and natural gas,  with the domestic production remaining virtually stagnant and  growth rate  in demand  and  import level of crude oil and natural gas steadily increasing at 6 to 7% per annum. It is a matter of extreme urgency that the import level of crude oil and natural gas must be curtailed to a significant extent.

Government of India is now implementing four major strategies for overcoming the import dependence on crude oil and natural gas.

1.    Promotion of renewable energy

2.     Blending of ethanol with petrol

3.    Promotion of electric vehicles

4.    Promotion of hydrogen economy

While the above four strategies are important and Government of India is striving it’s level best to implement the above strategies, the question is whether the above strategies are adequate considering the present and futuristic scenario.  It appears that they are not .

Promotion of renewable energy :

Government of India  has now raised the target  for renewable energy  to 500 GW  to be achieved by 2030. 

Solar remains  the mainstay of the renewable new capacity addition and 3,709 MW  was added  during Q 1 of this fiscal , as compared to 2,249 MW in the year ago quarter. During this June quarter, the wind power segment added 430 MW (240 MW in the year ago quarter) of new capacity.

It is expected that the renewable energy  capacity addition in this fiscal will be around  at 15  to 16 GW, given the strong project pipeline of about 50 GW. Overall, the growth prospects in the renewable energy sector over the long term remain good , with the supportive policy of the government as well as significantly improved tariff competitiveness of both solar and wind energy.

However , the basic issue with the renewable power is the uncertainty of power generation from time to time due to vagaries of monsoon and climatic conditions. As a result, the   capacity utilisation of renewable power sector is unlikely to exceed 20% on an average in a year.

 Likely total peak hour demand for power by the year 2030  would be around  320 GW

Considering 500 GW of renewable power capacity by the year 2030 and considering average capacity utilisation of 20%, the renewable power available by the year 2030  would be  100 GW

Balance  peak hour demand to be met by power generation using  fossil fuel in 2030 would be 220 GW

Therefore, while renewable power would certainly help , it would not help adequately to significantly reduce the  dependence on fossil fuel based power to curtail the import of crude oil and natural gas 

Ethanol blending :

Government of India is putting up massive efforts to increase the production of ethanol and has fixed the target of 20% blending of ethanol with petrol by the year 2025.

Ethanol producers are encouraged  to use grain such as maize, rice also as feedstock , which are essentially food crops.  Grains can be the feedstock  for the production of starch and there is huge opportunities in India to produce starch based chemicals such as citric acid, L-Lysine and others and most of such chemicals are now completely imported  in huge quantity.   There is  urgent need to  set up several starch based projects in the country  .  In such conditions, diverting starch for the production of ethanol instead of starch based products, which can be substitute for petrochemicals , may not be appropriate. This policy approach has been criticised by experts.

Government has  approved   around 368 projects for setting up of new distilleries / expansion of existing distilleries, based on sugarcane juice,  B heavy and C heavy molasses, maize, damaged food grains and rice. 

Considering 80% capacity utilisation, the production of ethanol by 2025 could be around 1200 crore litre   if total capacity of 1500 crore litre per annum  were to be built up by 2025. 

The estimated requirement of ethanol under the Ethanol Blending programme could be around 1700 crore litre per annum.

Likely consumption of petrol by the year 2030  without considering ethanol blending with petrol and considering growth rate  in demand of 7% per annum would be   around 49 million tonne

Considering 20% ethanol blend with petrol, the requirement of petrol to be made available by utilising  fossil fuel in 2030   would be around 39 million tonne

It is likely that India will be able  to achieve 20% ethanol blending with petrol in the coming years .   However, this is unlikely to reduce the present level of use of petrol significantly,  since the demand  for petrol would steadily increase year after year at 6 to 7 % per annum.

Promotion of electric vehicles :

By promoting the shift from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to Electric Vehicle (EVs), Government of  India not only hopes to significantly cut emissions and meet its international obligations but also reduce  import of fuel (crude oil and natural gas) and improve the nation’s energy security.

Government wants to have EV sales accounting for 30% of private cars, 70% for commercial vehicles and 80% for two- and three-wheelers by 2030.

Number of vehicles on road ( all types ) by 2030  considering 7% growth  rate  per annum  would be around  580 million

Considering   production of 0.9 million electric vehicles (all types) in 2021  and considering 25  to 30 % growth per annum in the production of electric vehicles , the total number of electric vehicles in 2030  would be around  10 million

Number of vehicles on road   excluding electric vehicles in the year 2030  to be run with  petrol, diesel or LPG   would be still very large 

The large promotion of EV vehicles will only help in meeting the growth in the future need for transportation to some extent ,as increase in demand for transportation would continue at 6 to 7% per annum  EVs  cannot reduce  the present consumption of  crude oil and natural gas in India to any significant  level.

Hydrogen economy :

The current consumption of hydrogen in India is about 5.6 million tonne per annum  and  almost all of it comes from the ‘steam methane reforming’ process, which emits the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide.

So, today, if the country were to replace all the hydrogen in use with green hydrogen, the demand for green hydrogen would be around 5.6 million tonne per annum.

To produce this much, quantity  electrolyser capacity of more than 110 GW is required . roughly, (the production of one tonne per annum of green hydrogen requires 18GW of electrolyser capacity), which in turn require 25GW of renewable power.

It will be necessary to build facilities at the scale of hundreds of megawatts which would be 10 times the size of pilot projects currently operating in Europe.

The nature of hydrogen, with its complex processing plants, pressurized pipelines and storage facilities, and the specialized tankers required for distribution, provides formidable challenge in utilising hydrogen energy.

While giant projects may be built for green hydrogen in future, there  is  a long way to go before they  are  proved to be commercially viable.

Focus on algae biofuel also necessary

Algae is the third generation  biofuel and can be n ideal solution for India’s impending fuel crisis, as India’s long coastal region and tropical climate can facilitate the cultivation of algae in India in mass scale.

Algae is a quick growing crop and contains around 25% oil. Oil can be extracted from algae and    subjected to   transesterification  to produce biofuel  . The residual mass after extraction of oil can be subjected to fermentation to produce ethanol  and methane ( natural gas). Methane can be used to produce power.

Algae industry is an elegant combination of agricultural and industrial activity and products that can pave way for win win situation.

Algae needs only marshy land  and waste land   which are available in plenty in India.  It requires only carbon dioxide, good sun shine and poor quality of water.

The several advantageous salient features of algae in Indian conditions include the following

·        The country’s enormous diversity

·        Vast coastline

·        Sufficient solar energy

·        Does not compete with food crops for land availability

Several integrated facilities can be set up all over India particularly in coastal regions to cultivate algae and produce algae fuel and other products. 

This is an opportunity that India is ignoring.

Let not Dimethyl ether opportunity be ignored

Dimethyl ether is a fuel that can be used alone or blended with LPG for use as domestic and industrial fuel. DME is extensively produced in China  and other countries.

By setting up several DME projects in India of economic size, import of crude oil/natural gas/LPG can be reduced to a considerable extent.

DME is an eco-friendly fuel produced from methanol.  The requirement of methanol can be met by import, until such time that domestic methanol capacity would be built up using  coal or other feedstock. 

Alternately, India can set up methanol project in natural gas rich countries such as Trinidad and Tobago or Iran and  the methanol can be transported to India to produce DME.

Several DME plants of economic capacity of  one lakh per annum can be set up in different parts of the country.

DME project of economic capacity will bneed an investment of around one hundred crore.

Prognosis:

In addition to the strategies that  Government of India is now actively implementing to reduce the import of crude oil and natural gas, urgent steps should be taken to set up several algae fuel projects and DME projects in India.

NITI Aayog has made reference about the importance of these   two projects but do not seem to have taken any meaningful steps to push forward with the schemes. 

Algae biofuel project and DME project are economically and technically viable and commercially proven technologies for licencing are available abroad.

Both these projects require strong focus from Prime Minister’s office just as  focus given to  other projects like ethanol blending, hydrogen economy and others.

Let not India lose further time and opportunity.

Sri Lanka: It’s time to join the queue

 We had no choice but to reluctantly vacate our privileged positions and disperse. They said they will text us when the fuel bowsers came. 

by Capt Elmo Jayawardena 

President gets ousted, Prime Minister gives a ‘walk over’ and Ministers join the soul-selling market to hang in there. Where? Of course, in Diyawanna Oya. Though my senses overflow with the desire to write these stories, I, being a coward, feel ‘discretion is the better part of valour’ and will leave politics and politicians alone. What to write anyway? Things change so fast that by the time I get published the whole fairytale may change.

So, I’ll touch on the perennial tableau that is the flavour of the season. Join the queue. This time, to get some petrol into the car, 7000 rupees worth! Saturday (23rd July) I qualified as my car registration had the numeric 2 as the last digit. Someone said they were pumping petrol that day at a shed which was a kilometer from where I live. Off we went Mr and Mrs Jay to join the queue.

I must say that after a lot of experiments, the Donkey Serenade in charge of distribution hit a pass mark. Saturday being for numerics 0,1 and 2, out of 10 cars crying for fuel only three were eligible. It was a good way to reduce the snaking queue. 

A week before that, I had stayed overnight in a queue and was holding almost the ‘poll position’ like Lewis Hamilton, when the Air Force team in charge of security came, and having taken down our car and mobile numbers, told us to go home. We had

no choice but to reluctantly vacate our privileged positions and disperse. They said they will text us when the fuel bowsers came. That was another Santa Claus story.

This time we joined the queue on the new Galle Road between Moratuwa and Panadura and settled down for the long wait till whatever time the fuel would come. The sea breeze was refreshing, and the south-west monsoon wind blew constantly cooling and calming everything. Not a bad place to linger, it sure was comfortable. Of course, I did not know how long the queue was, so I decided to leave the car and walk to the filling station counting the vehicles. The pavement was lined with clusters of people hanging around their fuel-starved cars. Some were chatting and some were loudly cursing. Some played cards and others were stretched and dozing in their reclined seats. The moods were not bad, it was still too early for the blood to boil and tempers to flare.

I got an offer from a body builder type ‘ThadaBanda’ in a tight sleeveless skinny and tattooed Sisyphus shoulders. “Sir, for 3000 I will give you a closer slot”. I politely declined and walked on doing my count. By the time I reached the petrol pumps

where it all began, I had passed 220 vehicles. That was my official number in the queue. God only knew how many would parachute when the fuel came. Even then I would be ok as the bowsers brought around 6000 litres and they were giving each car Rs 7000 worth which approximately amounted to 15 litres.   In the 220 vehicles between the shed and my car there were many three-wheelers, which were supposed to get around 7 liters according to the master plan. Of course, I knew there would be some ‘Hora Police” action, but so what, it still looked good for me at number 220. As long as the last numeric qualification in the number plate held, mathematically I  was ok to get fuel.  My co-driver too was there to share the long wait.  It was like ‘Le Mans’ the 24-hour French auto marathon. The difference was we were on a permanent pit-stop and allowed to change seats anytime.

The fuel bowser came, and the excitement ran to fever pitch among us, the fuel beggars. It took some time for the queue to get moving, crawling like a caterpillar towards the pumps. We got our turn at 4 pm. Not bad, relative to people I knew who baton-changed and ran the fuel relay for two or three days. What a waste of time.

And now they are going to do away with the somewhat successful last digit eligibility and bring the ‘QR Code’. At least the registration number successfully reduced the length of the queue. They can bring the ‘QR Code’ or for that matter, bring codes for the entire alphabet, but if they do away with the numeric separation on selective days, we will be aiming at another battle royal at fuel stations.

The powers that be are sure playing Russian Roulette; one can only hope that they know what they are doing. If truth be told, we, the citizens of this misplaced paradise are suffering inconceivably on all fronts whilst Diyawanna Oya is waiting for ‘ships that don’t come in’.

“C’est la vie” – or should I simply say ‘that’s life’.

Nine Sri Lankan Navy Sailors Jump Ship in the United States

Nine Sri Lankan Navy sailors who traveled to the United States to join the Rim of the Pacific exercise have decided to jump ship and stay, according to Sri Lanka's Economy Next. 

The sailors were part of a 50-person team that deployed from Sri Lanka in June in order to join RIMPAC 2022, the world's largest international naval exercise. After RIMPAC, they were scheduled to help crew a new Sri Lankan Navy ship: the former USCGC Douglas Munro, which was recently decommissioned and transferred to Sri Lanka under a foreign military aid agreement. The former Munro has been undergoing a deep refit in the U.S. and is reportedly set to return to Sri Lanka soon.

File Photo


Her crew may now be shorthanded, because "nine people have gone missing," a Sri Lankan official told the outlet. 

The U.S. Embassy in Sri Lanka confirmed the incident and said that it has been reported to law enforcement for followup. 

“Individuals who break U.S. immigration laws can be subject to arrest, detention, and deportation, and those who accrue unlawful presence in the United States can be prevented from returning to the U.S. for up to 10 years," the spokesperson noted. 

Sri Lanka is in a state of political and economic upheaval, and the number of its citizens choosing to leave (legally or illegally) is on the rise.

After years of political mismanagement, the nation is facing the worst economic crisis in its history: it defaulted on its foreign debt for the first time ever in April, and its economy has entered free fall. With few government resources left to pay for imported goods, the population has experienced rolling blackouts, severe fuel shortages and soaring inflation. 

In early July, then-President Gotabaya Rajapaksa was cast out of office by a popular uprising. Protesters broke through barricades and occupied the presidential palace, forcing Rajapaksa and his family to flee.

The Sri Lankan Navy has confirmed that it evacuated the former president aboard a training ship, SLNS Gajabahu, and allowed him to stay safely aboard the vessel within Sri Lankan waters. 

- Agencies

Chile’s Lithium Provides Profit to the Billionaires But Exhausts the Land and the People

 

 Ownership over the salt flat is contested among the state, Chile’s Indigenous communities, and private entities.

by Vijay Prashad and Taroa Zúñiga Silva

The Atacama salt flat in northern Chile, which stretches 1,200 square miles, is the largest source of lithium in the world. We are standing on a bluff, looking over la gran fosa, the great pit that sits at the southern end of the flat, which is shielded from public view. It is where the major Chilean corporations have set up shop to extract lithium and export it—largely unprocessed—into the global market. “Do you know whose son-in-law is the lithium king of Chile?” asks Loreto, who took us to the salt flat to view these white sands from a vantage point. His response is not so shocking; it is Julio Ponce Lerou, who is the largest stakeholder in the lithium mining company Sociedad Química y Minera de Chile (SQM) and the former son-in-law of the late military dictator Augusto Pinochet (who ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990).

SQM and Albemarle, the two major Chilean mining companies, dominate the Atacama salt flat. It is impossible to get a permit to visit the southern end of the flats, where the large corporations have set up their operations. The companies extract the lithium by pumping brine from beneath the salt flat and then letting it evaporate for months before carrying out the extraction. “SQM steals our water to extract lithium,” said the former president of the Council of Indigenous Peoples of Atacameño, Ana Ramos, in 2018, according to Deutsche Welle. The concentrate left behind after evaporation is turned into lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide, which are then exported, and form key raw materials used in the production of lithium-ion batteries. About a third of the world’s lithium comes from Chile. According to Goldman Sachs, “lithium is the new gasoline.”

What Necessity Does

Ownership over the salt flat is contested among the state, Chile’s Indigenous communities, and private entities. But, as one member of the Lickanantay community—the Indigenous people who call the Atacama salt flat their home—told us, most of the owners of the land do not live in the area any longer. Juan, who raises horses and whose family were herders, tells us that people “live off the rents from the land. They do not care what happens to the area.” However, Juan knows that these rents are minuscule. “What they pay us as they mine our land is practically a tip,” he says. “It is nothing compared to what they earn. But it is still a lot of money.” For most Lickanantay people, Juan says, “lithium is not an issue because although it is known to damage the environment, it is providing [us with] money.” “Necessity drives people to do a lot of things,” he adds.

The negative environmental impacts of mining lithium have been widely studied by scientists and observed by tourist guides in Chile. Angelo, a guide, tells us that he worries about the water supplies getting polluted due to mining activities and the impact it has on the Atacama Desert animals, including the pink flamingos. “Every once in a while, we see a dead pink flamingo,” he says. Cristina Inés Dorador, who participated in writing Chile’s new proposed constitution, is a scientist with a PhD in natural sciences who has published about the decline of the pink flamingo population in the salt flat. However, Dorador has also said that new technologies could be used to prevent the widespread negative environmental impact. Ingrid Garcés Millas, who has a PhD in earth sciences from the University of Zaragoza and is a researcher at the University of Antofagasta, pointed out that the currently used of lithium extraction has led to the deterioration of the “ways of life of [the] Andean peoples” in an article for Le Monde Diplomatique. An example she provided was that while the underground water supply is used by the lithium industry, the “communities are supplied [with water] by cistern trucks.”

According to a report by MiningWatch Canada and the Environmental Justice Atlas, “to produce one ton of lithium in the salt flats in Atacama (Chile), 2,000 tons of water are evaporated, causing significant harm to both the availability of water and the quality of underground fresh water reserves.”

Meanwhile, there is no pressing debate in the Atacama region over the extraction of lithium. Most people seem to have accepted that lithium mining is here to stay. Among the activists, there are disagreements over how to approach the question of lithium. More radical activists believe that lithium should not be extracted, while others debate about who should benefit from the wealth generated by the mining of lithium. Still others, such as Angelo and Loreto, believe that Chile’s willingness to export the unprocessed lithium denies the country the possibility of exploring the benefits that might come from processing the metal within the country.

Natural Commons

Before the presidential election in Chile in November 2021, we went to see Giorgio Jackson, now one of the closest advisers to Chile’s President Gabriel Boric. He told us then that Chile’s new government would look at the possibility of the nationalization of key resources, such as copper and lithium. This no longer seems to be on the government’s agenda, despite the expectation that the high prices for copper and lithium would pay for the much-needed pension reforms and the modernization of the country’s infrastructure.

The idea of nationalization was floated around the constitutional convention but did not find its way into the text of the proposed constitution, which will be put to vote on September 4. Instead, the proposed constitution builds on Article 19 of the 1980 constitution, which provides for “the right to live in an environment free from contamination.” The new constitution is expected to lay out the natural commons under which the state “has a special duty of custody, in order to ensure the rights of nature and the interest of present and future generations.”

In the waning days of the government of former President Sebastián Piñera, Chile’s Mining Ministry awarded two companies—BYD Chile SpA and Servicios y Operaciones Mineras del Norte S.A.—extraction rights for 80,000 tons of lithium each for 20 years. An appeals court in Copiapó heard a petition from the governor of Copiapó, Miguel Vargas, and from various Indigenous communities. In January 2022, the court suspended the deal; that suspension was upheld in June by the Supreme Court. This does not imply that Chile will roll back the exploitation of lithium by the major corporations, but it does suggest that a new appetite is developing against the widespread exploitation of natural resources in the country.

Until 2016, Chile produced 37 percent of the global market share of lithium, making the country the world’s largest producer of the metal. When Chile’s government increased royalty rates on the miners, several of them curtailed production and some increased their stake in Argentina (SQM, for instance, entered a joint venture with Lithium Americas Corporation to work on a project in Argentina). Chile is behind Australia in terms of lithium production in the world market presently, falling from 37 percent in 2016 to 29 percent in 2019 (with an expectation that Chile’s share will fall further to 17 percent by 2030).

Juan’s observation that “necessity drives people to do a lot of things” captures the mood among the Atacameños. The needs of the people of the region seem to only come after the needs of the large corporations. Relatives of the old dictators accumulate wealth off of the land, while the owners of the land—out of necessity—sell their land for a propina, a tip.

This article was produced by Globetrotter.

Vijay Prashad is an Indian historian, editor and journalist. He is a writing fellow and chief correspondent at Globetrotter. He is an editor of LeftWord Books and the director of Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research. He is a senior non-resident fellow at Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies, Renmin University of China. He has written more than 20 books, including The Darker Nations and The Poorer Nations. His latest books are Struggle Makes Us Human: Learning from Movements for Socialism and (with Noam Chomsky) The Withdrawal: Iraq, Libya, Afghanistan, and the Fragility of U.S. Power.

Taroa Zúñiga Silva is a writing fellow and the Spanish media coordinator for Globetrotter. She is the co-editor with Giordana García Sojo of Venezuela, Vórtice de la Guerra del Siglo XXI (2020). She is a member of the coordinating committee of Argos: International Observatory on Migration and Human Rights and is a member of the Mecha Cooperativa, a project of the Ejército Comunicacional de Liberación.